Several disciplines have developed as separate branches of comparative law, including comparative constitutional law, comparative administrative law, comparative civil law ( in the sense of the law of torts, delicts, contracts and obligations ), comparative commercial law ( in the sense of business organisations and trade ), and comparative criminal law.

Knight also wrote in 1956 that Max Weber was the only economist who dealt with the problem of understanding the emergence of modern capitalism " from the angle which alone can yield an answer to such questions, that is, the angle of comparative history in the broad sense.

A comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis of 138 genomes of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes found that " the LuxS enzyme required for AI-2 synthesis is widespread in bacteria, while the periplasmic binding protein LuxP is present only in Vibrio strains ," leading to the conclusion that either " other organisms may use components different from the AI-2 signal transduction system of Vibrio strains to sense the signal of AI-2 or they do not have such a quorum sensing system at all.

Although it implies a comparison with a narrower definition that refers to a central city only, such as Greater London versus the City of London, or Greater New York versus New York City, it is not part of the " comparative " in the grammatical sense this article describes.

Noted comparative psychologists, in this broad sense, include:

The term is often used to refer specifically to the inability to perform arithmetic operations, but it is also defined by some educational professionals and cognitive psychologists such as Stanislas Dehaene and Brian Butterworth as a more fundamental inability to conceptualize numbers as abstract concepts of comparative quantities ( a deficit in " number sense "), which these researchers consider to be a foundational skill, upon which other maths abilities build.

* Elder-used as a comparative adjective in the sense of older.

Used in this sense, the term reflects a belief formed by lived experience, ideology, perceptual frames, or perspectives influenced by knowledge ( or lack thereof ) of historical or comparative circumstances.

The Extended order " is a framework of institutions – economic, legal, and moral – into which we fit ourselves by obeying certain rules of conduct that we never made, and which we have never understood in the sense of which we understand how the things that we manufacture function .” This " order resulted not from human design or intention but spontaneously: it arose from unintentionally conforming to certain traditional & largely moral practices, many of which men tend to dislike, whose significance they usually fail to understand, whose validity they cannot prove, and which have nonetheless fairly rapidly spread by means of an evolutionary selection – the comparative increase in population & wealth – of those groups that happened to follow them .”

Initially referring to comparative studies based on statistical compilations of cultural data, the term gradually acquired a secondary sense of cultural interactivity.

Empirically, one can only get as far as establishing a " grand average " for the price of an hour of work ( this is often referred to in Marxian economics as the " monetary equivalent of labour time ", or MELT ) and one can discuss the extent to which labour is undervalued or overvalued in a relative ( comparative ) sense.

And though the strong and unbalanced, or " overpowered " players commonly are vigorous in denial of any lack of balance, the comparative media equality among all player brings change quickly, to further a sense of balance.

In this sense, all sociological analysis is comparative and it has been suggested that what is normally referred to as comparative research, may be more appropriately called cross-national research.

Although Miller noted in 1907 that a difference in the pleural blood supply existed between animals, nowhere in his published works is it found that he did a comparative study of the intrapulmonary features of various mammalian lungs other than in the dog and cat ( Miller, '13 ; ;

ANOVA is used in the analysis of comparative experiments, those in

Outside of the realm of English studies, A Modest Proposal is a relevant piece included in many comparative and global literature and history courses, as well as those of numerous other disciplines in the arts, humanities, and even the social sciences.

In some of its facets anatomy is closely related to embryology, comparative anatomy and comparative embryology, in line with modern teaching methods.

It has two main features on which its distinction as a major contribution to Avicennan studies may be said to rest: the first is its clarity and readability ; the second is the comparative approach adopted by the author [...].

The game is unusual in that no dice are used in resolving conflicts or player actions ; instead a simple diceless system of comparative ability, and narrative description of the action by the players and gamemaster, is used to determine how situations are resolved.

* The ablative case is also important to comparative statements in colloquial Armenian.

Abbas was an intelligent prince, possessed some literary taste, and is noteworthy on account of the comparative simplicity of his life.

Animal behavior is studied in comparative psychology, ethology, behavioral ecology and sociobiology.

The birth of modern comparative law is generally attributed to Europe in the eighteenth century.

According to the prevalent view, Montesquieu is regarded as the ' father ' of comparative law.

His comparative approach is obvious in the following excerpt from Chapter III of Book I of what many consider to be his masterpiece, De l ' esprit des lois:

" Yet another excerpt where Montesqieu's comparative approach is evident is the following one from Chapter XIII of Book XXIX:

In this globalising world, comparative law is important for it provides a platform for intellectual exchange in terms of law and it cultivates a culture of understanding in a diverse world.

Also, the usefulness of comparative law for the sociology of law ( and vice versa ) is very large.

A maturity model can be used as a benchmark for comparison and as an aid to understanding-for example, for comparative assessment of different organizations where there is something in common that can be used as a basis for comparison.

For example, the theory of evolution is supported by a convergence of evidence from genetics, molecular biology, paleontology, geology, biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, and many others.

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal development of a single language over time.

One core result of Holzkamp's historical and comparative analysis of human reproductive action, perception and cognition is a very specific concept of meaning that identifies symbolic meaning as historically and culturally constructed, purposeful conceptual structures that humans create in close relationship to material culture and within the context of historically specific formations of social reproduction.

On the contrary, advertisers cannot market their products as “ better ” as it is a comparative term, and a claim of superiority.

* Koelle, S. W., 1854, Polyglotta Africana, or a comparative vocabulary of nearly three hundred words and phrases, in more than one hundred distinct African languages.

Includes ( pp. 107 – 122 ) a 200-word comparative list of Bua, Niellim, Fanian, and Tunia, with a brief grammar and some phrases collected by Decorse.

Includes ( pp. 107 – 122 ) a 200-word comparative list of Bua, Niellim, Fanian, and Tunia, with a brief grammar and some phrases collected by Decorse.

Against such a termination of human life on earth by human action, he then proposes as an alternative that we `` negotiate at once with the Russians and get the best terms which are available '', that we deliberately `` negotiate from comparative weakness ''.

New physical detection technologies are employed, such as oligonucleotide microarrays to identify chromosomal gains and losses ( called comparative genomic hybridization ), and single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to detect known point mutations.

For example, comparative law can help international legal institutions, such as those of the United Nations System, in analyzing the laws of different countries regarding their treaty obligations.

Conversely, sociology of law may help comparative law answer questions, such as: How do regulations in different legal systems really function in the respective societies?

Some virtual communities explicitly refer to the concept of cyberspace, for example Linden Lab calling their customers " Residents " of Second Life, while all such communities can be positioned " in cyberspace " for explanatory and comparative purposes ( as did Sterling in The Hacker Crackdown, followed by many journalists ), integrating the metaphor into a wider cyber-culture.

Around 190 AD under the leadership of the scholar Pantanaeus, the school of Alexandria became an important institution of religious learning, where students were taught by scholars such as Athenagoras, Clement, Didymus, and the native Egyptian Origen, who was considered the father of theology and who was also active in the field of commentary and comparative Biblical studies.

Interest in fractal compression seems to be waning, due to recent theoretical analysis showing a comparative lack of effectiveness of such methods.

Theory and observation set out the conditions such that market prices of outputs and productive inputs select an allocation of factor inputs by comparative advantage, so that ( relatively ) low-cost inputs go to producing low-cost outputs.

The existence of such early attested corpora makes it a language of considerable interest in comparative linguistics.

A comparative argument made against the authenticity of the James passage by scholars such as Tessa Rajak is that the passage has a negative tone regarding the High Priest Ananus, presenting him as impulsive while in the Jewish Wars Josephus presents a positive view of Ananus and portrays him as prudent.

John's financial situation was tenuous: once factors such as the comparative military costs of materiel and soldiers were taken into account, Philip enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage of resources over John.

Nostradamus claimed to base his published predictions on judicial astrology — the astrological ' judgement ', or assessment, of the ' quality ' ( and thus potential ) of events such as births, weddings, coronations etc .— but was heavily criticized by professional astrologers of the day such as Laurens Videl for incompetence and for assuming that " comparative horoscopy " ( the comparison of future planetary configurations with those accompanying known past events ) could actually predict what would happen in the future.

Initially, this view was adopted even by the early comparative linguists such as Franz Bopp.

Moreover, the glory and comparative unity of the Arab World under Saladin was seen as the perfect symbol for the new unity sought by Arab nationalists, such as Gamal Abdel Nasser.

The vampire is such a dominant figure in the horror genre that literary historian Susan Sellers places the current vampire myth in the " comparative safety of nightmare fantasy ".

Many historicists such as H. B. Nicholson ( 2001 ( 1957 )) and Nigel Davies ( 1977 ) were fully aware that the Aztec chronicles were a mixture of mythical and historical accounts, this led them to try to separate the two by applying a comparative approach to the varying Aztec narratives.

Diez, the principal founder of Romance-language philology, impressed by the comparative methods of Jakob Grimm in Deutsche Grammatik, which came out in 1819 and was the first to use such methods in philology, decided to apply them to the Romance languages and discovered Raynouard's work, Grammaire comparée des langues de l ' Europe latine dans leurs rapports avec la langue des troubadours, published in 1821.

Rather, the use of the comparative method provides a scientific means of discovering such absolutes.

Since then, there has been significant comparative linguistic work expanding outside of European languages as well, such as on the Austronesian languages and various families of Native American languages, among many others.

The biological origin of language is in principle a concern of historical linguistics, but most linguists regard it as too remote to be reliably established by standard techniques of historical linguistics, such as the comparative method.

Less-standard techniques, such as mass lexical comparison, are used by some linguists to overcome the limitations of the comparative method, but most linguists regard them as unreliable.

Etymologists also apply the methods of comparative linguistics to reconstruct information about languages that are too old for any direct information ( such as writing ) to be known.

The primary precursor to ethnomusicology, comparative musicology, emerged in the late 19th century and early 20th century through the practice of people such as Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály, Alan Lomax, Constantin Brăiloiu, Vinko Zganec, Franjo Kuhač, Carl Stumpf, Erich von Hornbostel, Curt Sachs, Hugh Tracey, and Alexander J. Ellis.