This approach considers the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic conditions may affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the legal, law-enforcement, and penal responses made by society.

But only when a more centralized English monarchy emerged following the Norman invasion, and when the kings of England attempted to assert power over the land and its peoples, did the modern concept emerge, namely of a crime not only as an offence against the " individual ", but also as a wrong against the " State ".

Popular opinion in the Western World and Former Soviet Union often associates international law with the concept of opposing terrorism — seen as a crime as distinct from warfare.

Lewis offers several analogies to explain this abstract concept: that of Jesus " paying the penalty " for a crime, " paying a debt ," or helping humanity out of a hole.

There was no concept of public prosecution, so victims of crime or their families had to organize and manage the prosecution themselves.

Victims of white collar crime are often denied their status as victims by the social construction of the concept ( Croall, 2001 ).

The concept of victim proneness has been described as a " highly moralistic way of assigning guilt " to the victim of a crime, also known as victim blaming.

The concept is, essentially, that " when a crime takes place, it has two partners, one the offender and second the victim, who is providing opportunity to the criminal in committing the crime.

The new Bolshevik legal code contained within it the concept that if there was no victim, there was no crime.

The concept of lèse majesté ( lesa majestad ) exists in Spanish jurisprudence, which is the crime or offense violating the dignity of the head-of-state or the State itself.

Belgium's War Crimes Law invokes the concept of universal jurisdiction to allow anyone to bring war crime charges in Belgian courts, regardless of where the alleged crimes have taken place.

She supported the concept that abortion is a woman's choice, that it shouldn't be a crime or exclusively a doctor's choice, and helped form NARAL ( now NARAL Pro-Choice America ) at a time when Planned Parenthood wasn't yet supportive.

In certain contexts, the concept of perfect crime is limited to just undetected crimes ; if an event is ever identified as a crime, some investigators say it cannot be called ' perfect '.

Embittered by his fame and the lack of challenge the concept of fighting crime had become, he quit working for ACME & helped Carmen Sandiego escape in order to train to be a V. I. L. E.

At some point, the serial concept was dropped in favor of an anthology format emphasizing crime thrillers and the supernatural.

“ The camp is the space that is opened when the state of exception begins to become the rule .” Agamben says that " What happened in the camps so exceeds ( is outside of ) the juridical concept of crime that the specific juridico-political structure in which those events took place is often simply omitted from consideration.

His code introduced the concept that crime is an offense against the state rather than against the individual and thus narrowed the possibilities of personal vengeance.

This is a flexible concept that is applied in a broad variety of circumstances leading to remedies in damages or an injunction, such as to require employers do not act in an authoritarian manner, call employees names behind their back, treat workers unequally when upgrading pay, run the company as a front for international crime, or exercise discretion to award a bonus capriciously.

It increased fear in society by introducing new criteria of offences such as the concept of " whispered propaganda ": this made it a crime to disseminate any news that could threaten the regime.

In common law jurisdictions, the legal concept of entrapment may apply if the main impetus for the crime was the provocateur.

Bedard wants to mix the concept of 21st century white-collar crime with 1930s mob families and has stated that Oracle is his favorite Birds of Prey character.

* The case of Lisl Auman of Colorado, charged with felony murder for a killing that took place during an ongoing crime for which she was already in custody Jeff Kass, Rocky Mountain News March 18, 2001 ; " Lawyers debate centuries-old legal concept.

Recognizing that the Rule of Law is `` a dynamic concept which should be employed not only to safeguard the civil and political rights of the individual in a free society '', the Congress asserted that it also included the responsibility `` to establish social, economic, educational and cultural conditions under which his legitimate aspirations and dignity may be realized ''.

A broader concept of imitation is needed, one which acknowledges that true invention is important, that the artist's creativity in part transcends the non-artistic causal factors out of which it arises.

For it is their catastrophic concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions rather than Kemble's gradualist approach which dominates the field.

But beginning, for all practical purposes, with Frederick Seebohm's English Village Community scholars have had to reckon with a theory involving institutional and agrarian continuity between Roman and Anglo-Saxon times which is completely at odds with the reigning concept of the Anglo-Saxon invasions.

What was perhaps more important than his concept of the nature of history and the historical method were those forces which shaped the direction of his thought.

There was only one way to accomplish this: by design, by drawing diagrams and sketches in which he probed the remotest corner of his mind for creative ideas to carry his concept.

Recognizing the limitations of such a program, the 78th Congress in 1943 passed P. L. 113, which broadened the concept of rehabilitation to include the provision of physical restoration services to remove or reduce disabilities, and which revised the financing structure.

271 - 307 ) indicate, that the concept of function in sociology has been built up from physiological and biological models, in which the notions of teleology, i.e., metaphysical purpose, are central.

This is stated to emphasize the necessity for an over-all concept of submarine defense, one which would provide positions of relative importance to ASW elements based on projected potentialities.

That which follows will be a discussion of principles and possible content for an over-all concept of antisubmarine warfare.

The concept of unity, in which positive and negative are attributes of the same force, in which good and evil are relative, ever-changing, and always joined to the same phenomenon -- such a concept is still reserved to the physical sciences and to the few who have grasped the history of ideas.

The concept of the Middle Kingdom at peace, strong and united under a forceful ruler, which had been only a longed-for ideal in the time of the Warring States, was finally realized by the establishment of a Chinese Empire under the Ch'in dynasty ( 221-207 B.C. ).

there was no Martian concept to match it -- unless one took `` church '' and `` worship '' and `` God '' and `` congregation '' and many other words and equated them to the totality of the only world he had known during growing-waiting then forced the concept back into English in that phrase which had been rejected ( by each differently ) by Jubal, by Mahmoud, by Digby.

At the same time, the Romantic reaction to the Enlightenment produced thinkers, such as Johann Gottfried Herder and later Wilhelm Dilthey, whose work formed the basis for the " culture concept ," which is central to the discipline.

Authors such as David Schneider, Clifford Geertz, and Marshall Sahlins developed a more fleshed-out concept of culture as a web of meaning or signification, which proved very popular within and beyond the discipline.

Another possible source of the suanpan is Chinese counting rods, which operated with a decimal system but lacked the concept of zero as a place holder.

A third concept was proposed in 1923 by Gilbert N. Lewis which includes reactions with acid-base characteristics that do not involve a proton transfer.

In philosophy, religion, mythology, and fiction, the afterlife ( also referred to as life after death, or Hereafter ) is the concept of a realm, or the realm itself ( whether physical or transcendental ), in which an essential part of an individual's identity or consciousness continues to reside after the death of the body in the individual's lifetime.

Ramsey ( 2004: 340 ) stated that " the genetic relationship between Korean and Japanese, if it in fact exists, is probably more complex and distant than we can imagine on the basis of our present state of knowledge ", a concept later restated by Lee ( 2011 ).

The Analects, the main source of the Confucianism of Confucius, actually has little to say on the matter of filial piety and some sources believe the concept was focused on by later thinkers as a response to Mohism.

Some argue that the concept of the collapse of a " real " wave function was introduced by Heisenberg and later developed by John Von Neumann in 1932.

Many years later in a letter to Davis ( ca 1965 ), Gödel would confess that " he was, at the time of these lectures, not at all convinced that his concept of recursion comprised all possible recursions ".

In this work, Doppler postulated his principle ( later coined the Doppler effect ) that the observed frequency of a wave depends on the relative speed of the source and the observer, and he tried to use this concept for explaining the colour of binary stars.

Pink Floyd recast itself from its 1960s guise as a psychedelic band into a commercial success with its series of concept albums, most famously with The Dark Side of the Moon ( which, according to the RIAA, is the second best selling album in history ) and later with the double album rock opera The Wall.

The concept of using a pair of axes was introduced in later work by commentators who were trying to clarify the ideas contained in Descartes ' La Géométrie.

From this concept later resulted the romantic idea of a music of the spheres.

In order to carry out these studies, Hilbert introduced the concept of an infinite dimensional Euclidean space, later called Hilbert space.

Almost immediately after the order of Kotaka was placed, Fernando Villaamil, second officer of the Ministry of the Navy of Spain where he was put in charge of developing the concept of a new ship designed to combat torpedo boats, placed an order for a large torpedo gunboat in November 1885, with the British builder James and George Thompson, of Clydebank, not far from where the Yarrow shipyards would move from London 20 years later.

He later identified the compound as cyclic AMP ( cAMP ) and with his discovery created the concept of second-messenger-mediated pathways.

There under Stumpf's supervision he wrote Über den Begriff der Zahl ( On the concept of Number ) in 1887, which would serve later as the base for his first important work, Philosophie der Arithmetik ( 1891 ).

Edward B. Tylor and Lewis H Morgan brought the term " evolution " to anthropology though they tended toward the older pre-Spencerian definition helping to form the concept of unilineal evolution used during the later part of what Trigger calls the Antiquarianism-Imperial Synthesis period ( c1770-c1900 ).

Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent, although this concept was legally established only with the Glorious Revolution later in the century.

The concept of self-efficacy, which played an important role in later developments of the theory, refers to the learner's belief in his or her ability to perform the modeled behavior.

" Although Gregory does not fully develop the concept, the idea of procession would shape most later thought about the Holy Spirit.

The concept of habitus has been used as early as Aristotle but in contemporary usage was introduced by Marcel Mauss and later re-elaborated by Pierre Bourdieu.

Hutton's theory led him to conclude that reliance on Bruiel's initial sketch resulted in many later scholars erroneously claiming that " The Sorcerer " was evidence that the concept of a Horned God dated back to Paleolithic times

Even before the concept of immunity ( from immunis, Latin for " exempt ") was developed, numerous early physicians characterized organs that would later prove to be part of the immune system.

Taking this into consideration, he was thus associated with Amenhotep son of Hapu, who was another deified architect, in the region of Thebes where they were worshipped as " brothers " in temples dedicated to Thot and later in Hermopolis following the syncretist concept of Hermes-Thot, a concept that led to another syncretic belief, that of Hermes Trismegistus and hermeticism.

A thousand years later, the inhabitants of Rhodes invented the concept of the general average.

In 2009, Kool Keith released the concept album Tashan Dorrsett ; a follow-up, The Legend of Tashan Dorrsett, followed two years later.

The original Hindu concept of karma was later enhanced by several other movements within the religion, most notably Vedanta, and Tantra.