It allows compact encoding, but is less reliable for data transmission ; an error in transmitting the shift code typically makes a long part of the transmission unreadable.

Eight-bit machines ( with octets as the native data type ) that did not use parity checking typically set the eighth bit to 0.

While some early calculators copied the manual method ( typically substituting polynomials for tabulated data ), computers use a different approach.

These poles and zone-lines, whilst inducing fluctuations in data density in the reconstructed datasets, which can prove problematic during post-analysis, are critical for determining information such as angular magnification, as the crystallographic relationships between features are typically well known.

Unlike modern websites and online services that are typically hosted by third-party companies in commercial data centers, BBS computers ( especially for smaller boards ) were typically operated from the SysOp's home.

In a language with records and references, binary trees are typically constructed by having a tree node structure which contains some data and references to its left child and its right child.

* Lossless codecs: There are also many lossless codecs which are typically used for archiving data in a compressed form while retaining all of the information present in the original stream.

( Garbage collection typically does not deal with the unbounded accumulation of data which is reachable, but which will actually not be used by the program.

In early computer systems, programs typically specified the location to write memory and what data to put there.

The process of gathering, cleaning and integrating data from various sources, usually from long-term existing operational systems ( usually referred to as legacy systems ), was typically in part replicated for each environment.

Lossy compression typically achieves far greater compression than lossless compression ( data of 5 percent to 20 percent of the original stream, rather than 50 percent to 60 percent ), by discarding less-critical data.

The data is typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality ( for example, the availability of rooms in hotels ), in a way that supports processes requiring this information ( for example, finding a hotel with vacancies ).

The database concept has evolved since the 1960s to ease increasing difficulties in designing, building, and maintaining complex information systems ( typically with many concurrent end-users, and with a large amount of diverse data ).

The first generation of database systems were navigational, applications typically accessed data by following pointers from one record to another.

:: Operations in a data warehouse are typically concerned with bulk data manipulation, and as such, it is unusual and inefficient to target individual rows for update, insert or delete.

:: An in-memory database ( IMDB ; also main memory database or MMDB ) is a database that primarily resides in main memory, but typically backed-up by non-volatile computer data storage.

Such languages are typically data model specific.

Such language is typically data model specific.

Database languages are data-model-specific, i. e., each language assumes and is based on a certain structure of the data ( which typically differs among different data models ).

The internal level, which is hidden inside the DBMS and depends on its implementation ( see Implementation section below ), requires a different level of detail and uses its own data structure types, typically different in nature from the structures of the external and conceptual levels which are exposed to DBMS users ( e. g., the data models above ): While the external and conceptual levels are focused on and serve DBMS users, the concern of the internal level is effective implementation details.

By the use of various weights, data for a force-rate of shear graph can be obtained.

These changes represent, in effect, a shift from ( 1 ) an administrative compilation of data obtained through procedures designed primarily to serve political and economic objectives to ( 2 ) a systematic sampling census of the whole African population.

Visualisation of data obtained from an atom probe, each point represents a reconstructed atom position from detected evaporated ions.

The computational conversion of the ion sequence data, as obtained from a position sensitive detector, to a three dimensional visualisation of atomic types, is termed " reconstruction ".

The data obtained from the evaporative process is however not without artefacts that form the physical evaporation or ionisation process.

The team will use the data obtained to create innovative computer simulations that can be used to model how sediment flows through these channels.

All constants appearing in the equations must be obtained beforehand from experimental data or ab initio calculations.

A widely used modern instrument is the differential scanning calorimeter, a device which allows thermal data to be obtained on small amounts of material.

In statistics, data sets usually come from actual observations obtained by sampling a statistical population, and each row corresponds to the observations on one element of that population.

The C-isotope chemostratigraphic characteristics obtained for contemporaneous cap carbonates in different parts of the world may be variable in a wide range owing to different degrees of secondary alteration of carbonates, dissimilar criteria used for selection of the least altered samples, and, as far as the C-isotope data are concerned, due to primary lateral variations of δ < sup > l3 </ sup > C < sub > carb </ sub > in the upper layer of the ocean.

However, in principle, since the same electronegativities should be obtained for any two bonding compounds, the data is in fact overdetermined, and the signs are unique once a reference point is fixed ( usually, for H or F ).

The data was obtained on 16 March 2003 with Very Large Telescope # Instruments | NACO on the Very Large Telescope | VLT, using a 1. 4 arcsec occulting mask on top of AB Pictoris.

In engineering and science, one often has a number of data points, obtained by sampling or experimentation, which represent the values of a function for a limited number of values of the independent variable.

In addition to providing crucial dating material for the Iron Age stratigraphy of Palestine, she obtained key stratified data for the study of Eastern terra sigilata ware.

Critics have raised concerns about the methodology used to collect data, including that data in the reports could not have been obtained without collaborations with child molesters.

It was only when the Pisces arrived at Ness that the LNPIB obtained new data.

If the data set were based on a series of observations obtained by sampling from a statistical population, the arithmetic mean is termed the " sample mean " () to distinguish it from the " population mean " ( or < sub > x </ sub >).

* Ogimet-online data from meteorological stations of the world, obtained through NOAA free services

Microarrays are quite commonly used and are usually consistent with data obtained from northern blots ; however, at times northern blotting is able to detect small changes in gene expression that microarrays cannot.

Solved structures are usually deposited in the Protein Data Bank ( PDB ), a freely available resource from which structural data about thousands of proteins can be obtained in the form of Cartesian coordinates for each atom in the protein.

However, the statistics of the data are much worse than those obtained through transmission tomography.

Boundaries ( and thus coordinates ) may be determined more accurately from geochemical and geophysical data obtained by future missions.

Real-valued random variables ( those whose range is the real numbers ) are used in the sciences to make predictions based on data obtained from scientific experiments.

More generally, data about a random process is obtained from its observed behavior during a finite period of time.