In the 12th century, the dukes of Zähringen were given authority over part of the Burgundy territories which covered the western part of modern Switzerland.

* February 10 – Mary of Burgundy, the daughter of Charles the Bold, is forced by her disgruntled subjects to sign the Great Privilege, by which the Flemish cities recover all the local and communal rights which had been abolished by the arbitrary decrees of the dukes of Burgundy, in their efforts to create in the Low Countries a centralized state.

* October 5 – Christine de Pizan writes letter to Queen Isabeau urging her to intervene in political struggle between dukes of Burgundy and Orleans.

Through inheritance, Artois came under the rule of the dukes of Burgundy in 1384.

In 1514, Charles of Egmond, duke of Guelders, took it from the dukes of Burgundy ; in 1543, it fell to the emperor Charles V. As capital of the so-called " Kwartier van Veluwe " it joined the Union of Utrecht in 1579 and became part of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1585.

A cadet branch of the family reigned as dukes of Burgundy from 1363 to 1482.

This office was confirmed in 1152 and held by the Zähringen dukes until 1218, hence they are sometimes called " Dukes of Burgundy ", although the existing Duchy of Burgundy was not an Imperial but a French fief.

Duke John of Normandy was solemnly granted the arms of a knight in front of a prestigious assistance bringing together the kings of Luxembourg and Navarre, and the dukes of Burgundy, Lorraine and the Brabant.

In the 15th century, Besançon came under the influence of the dukes of Burgundy.

Pope Eugene IV, Martin V's successor, lost hope that the council could be useful owing to the progress of heresy, the reported troubles in Germany, the war which had lately broken out between the dukes of Austria and Burgundy, and finally, the small number of fathers who had responded to the summons of Martin V. This opinion, added to his desire to preside over the council in person, induced him to recall the fathers from Germany, as his poor health made it difficult for him to go.

One of the first examples was the unofficial use of the title " grand duke " by the dukes of Burgundy during the 15th century, when they ruled a vast tract of modern day eastern France as well as most of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg.

Under this agreement, the provinces and towns of Flanders, Brabant, Hainaut, and Holland recovered all the local and communal rights which had been abolished by the decrees of the dukes of Burgundy in their efforts to create a centralized state on the French model out of their separate holdings in the Low Countries.

Many wine historians, including John Winthrop Haeger and Roger Dion, believe that the association between pinot and Burgundy was the explicit strategy of Burgundy's Valois dukes.

He was descended from an old family which had for generations served the dukes of Burgundy and Lorraine, and after being educated with his brothers in Bavaria and Italy, was introduced to the court of King Henry IV of France in 1598.

In 1701 dukes from Burgundy and of Berry, grandsons of Louis XIV, went to the sanctuary.

This proximity to Burgundy was largely a result of his father's moving away from the French court, the court to which the Lorrainer dukes had neared in the past century and a half as they withdrew from the Holy Roman Empire, within which their duchy was still technically a vassal state.

Duke John of Normandy ( as King John II was known as a prince ) was solemnly granted the arms of a knight in front of a prestigious assistance bringing together the kings of Luxembourg and Navarre, and the dukes of Burgundy, Lorraine and the Brabant.

Thus, as early as the second half of the 15th century, further development in siege technology concentrated on the Hauptbüchse, and bombards largely disappeared from the leading artillery arsenal of the dukes of Burgundy.

In addition, music by the composers favored the previous dukes of Burgundy such as Charles the Bold – Adrien Basin, Gilles Joye, Hayne van Ghizeghem, and Robert Morton – was also probably still being performed and studied.

In 1403 and 1404, growing factionalism and rivalry built, for the most part because of the vacancy caused by Charles ' illness, that eventually would result in civil war between the royal dukes of Burgundy and the Armagnacs, supporters of Charles ' brother, Louis of Orléans.

Argovia was disputed territory between the dukes of Alamannia and Burgundy.

As a result of the Burgundy Wars, the dynasty of the dukes of Burgundy had died out.

By Otto's marriage to Eilika, daughter of Magnus, Duke of Saxony, the Ascanians became heirs to half of the property of the House of Billung, former dukes of Saxony.

* Dachau Palace: a medieval castle which became the favourite residence of the Bavarian dukes in the 16th century.

Restored twice with the support of both Emperor and Pope, the Medici in 1537 became hereditary dukes of Florence, and in 1569 Grand Dukes of Tuscany, ruling for two centuries.

At this time, many local dukes saw it as a chance to oppose the hegemony of Emperor Charles V. The empire then became fatally divided along religious lines, with the north, the east, and many of the major cities — Strasbourg, Frankfurt and Nuremberg — becoming Protestant while the southern and western regions largely remained Catholic.

The Electors of Regensburg ( who had succeeded to the Mainz vote ), Würzburg ( who had succeeded to the Salzburg vote ), and Baden ( a new electorate ) became grand dukes.

After Boleslaw's death, the Duchy of Pomerania regained independence, before the dukes became vassals of Denmark and the Holy Roman Empire in the late 12th century.

In 1345, the bishops became Imperial immediate dukes in their secular reign.

It became the residence of the dukes of Lower Silesia in 1163 and was the seat of a principality ruled from 1248-1675.

The Zähringer dynasty ended with the death of Berchtold V in 1218, and their cities subsequently became reichsfrei ( essentially a city-state within the Holy Roman Empire ), while the dukes of Kyburg competed with the house of Habsburg over control of the rural regions of the former Zähringer territory.

The dukes of Saxony became kings ( Henry I, the Fowler, 919 ) and later the first emperors ( Henry's son, Otto I, the Great ) of Germany during the 10th century, but they lost this position in 1024.

The Conradines became dukes of Franconia, while the Babenbergs lost their influence in Franconia.

Both Schleswig and Holstein were therefore administered from Copenhagen, even after the Empire's dissolution, when the Danish kings as dukes of Holstein became monarchs of the German Confederation in 1815.

In 1721, when the Great Northern War ended, the dukes of Gottorf lost their power and their land became Danish crown land.

In 1260, it became the residence of the dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg, and in 1293 the settlement was granted a town charter.

In the 10th century Rouen became the capital of the Duchy of Normandy and residence of the dukes, until William the Conqueror established his castle at Caen.

With the death of Ottokar the first line of rulers of Styria became extinct ; the region fell successively to the Babenberg family, rulers of Austria, as stipulated in the Georgenberg Pact ; after their extinction to the control of Hungary ( 1254 – 60 ); to King Ottokar of Bohemia ; in 1276 to the Habsburgs, who provided it with Habsburgs for Styrian dukes during the years 1379-1439 and 1564-1619.

All five of Edward III's surviving sons eventually became dukes.

As the titles from the HRE were taken over after its dissolution, or in Italy after their territories became independent of the Empire, both countries also had a share of fully sovereign dukes.

During the rule of the Árpád dinasty dukes held territorial powers, some of them even minted coins, but later this title became more often nominal.

* Visconti, the leading noble family that became ruling dukes of Milan, apparently taking its surname from a returning crusader Ottone who was created Visconte of Milan

When the Danes had to surrender the Pomeranian lands south of the Ryck after losing the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227, the town became of particular interest to the Pomeranian dukes.

In 1793 the bathing resort of Heiligendamm ( today a borough of Bad Doberan ) was established, and the region became a summer residence for the dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

The Varangian dynasty of Ruriks became dukes in the neighboring Duchy of Kiev.