It was only in 1947 that the first stereotactic devices for human neurosurgery were developed, by the American neurosurgeons Ernest A. Spiegel and Henry T. Wycis, and Swedish neurosurgeon Lars Leksell.

Professor Lars Leksell was one of the first to develop a stereotactic apparatus exclusively for human functional neurosurgery in 1949, following the pioneering work of American neurosurgeons Ernest A. Spiegel and Henry T. Wycis in 1947.

< span class =" plainlinks "> Varian Medical Systems </ span > of Palo Alto, California, made its first linear accelerator optimized for stereotactic radiosurgery in 1992, called the Clinac 600SR.

The stereotactic method was first developed by two British scientists in 1908, working at University College London Hospital, Sir Victor Horsley, a physician and neurosurgeon, and Robert H. Clarke, a physiologist.

Using this approach between 1947 and 1949, two American neurosurgeons, Ernest A. Spiegel and Henry T. Wycis, and a Swedish neurosurgeon, Lars Leksell, developed the first stereotactic devices that were used for brain surgery in humans.

The first references in the western historical tradition begin at Syracuse in 399 BC and these devices were widely employed by the Roman Legions in Republican times well before the Christian era.

One of the first devices used to amplify signals was the carbon microphone ( effectively a sound-controlled variable resistor ).

When the PC starts up, the first job for the BIOS is the power-on self-test, which initializes and identifies system devices such as the CPU, RAM, video display card, keyboard and mouse, hard disk drive, optical disc drive and other hardware.

The first comic book appeared in the United States in 1933, reprinting the earlier newspaper comic strips, which established many of the story-telling devices used in comics.

These portable devices first became popular with the wearable computer movement in the 1980s.

Cantor was the first company to receive approval from the Nevada Gaming Commission to operate mobile gaming devices.

A description of how the device could be used as a shift register and as a linear and area imaging devices was described in this first entry.

Fairchild's effort, led by ex-Bell researcher Gil Amelio, was the first with commercial devices, and by 1974 had a linear 500-element device and a 2-D 100 x 100 pixel device.

* The Mi-go aliens in the Cthulhu Mythos of H. P. Lovecraft, first appearing in the story " The Whisperer in Darkness " ( 1931 ), can transport humans from Earth to Pluto ( and beyond ) and back again by removing the subject's brain and placing it into a " brain cylinder ", which can be attached to external devices to allow it to see, hear, and speak.

Diodes were the first semiconductor electronic devices.

And in September 2011 Dialog Semiconductor announced the first commercially available DECT ULE devices.

Static electricity was the first form discovered and investigated, and the electrostatic generator is still used even in modern devices such as the Van de Graaff generator and MHD generators.

The zinc-manganese dioxide dry cell was the first portable, non-spillable battery type that made flashlights and other portable devices practical.

The first film cameras were fastened directly to the head of their tripod or other support, with only the crudest kind of levelling devices provided, in the manner of the still-camera tripod heads of the period.

Like many other devices that were more fully developed in Europe during the next decade, what could be called the " atmospheric insert shot " made its first appearance in American films during the years before 1919.

The Vitascope and the Lumière Brothers ' Cinematograph were first presented in Japan in March 1897, and Lumière cameramen were the first to shoot films in Japan .< ref > Moving pictures, however, were not an entirely new experience for the Japanese because of their rich tradition of pre-cinematic devices such as gentō ( utsushi-e ) or the magic lantern.

Hopkinson submitted another bill on June 24 for his “ drawings and devices .” The first item on the list was “ The Naval Flag of the United States .” The price listed was 9 pounds.

The first use of the word was for the limbs of fish, but has been extended to include other animal limbs and man-made devices.

The field-effect transistor was first patented by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in 1925 and by Oskar Heil in 1934, but practical semi-conducting devices ( the JFET ) were only developed much later after the transistor effect was observed and explained by the team of William Shockley at Bell Labs in 1947.

The Xerox Alto was the first to use a graphical user interface. In computing, a graphical user interface ( GUI, commonly pronounced gooey ) is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with electronic devices using images rather than text commands.

Aside from written numerals, the first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then manipulate the device to obtain the result.

It has been suggested that megaliths found at Nabta Playa are examples of the world's first known archaeoastronomical devices, predating Stonehenge by some 1, 000 years.

Because the microwave predecessor of the laser, the maser, was developed first, devices of this sort operating at microwave and radio frequencies are referred to as " masers " rather than " microwave lasers " or " radio lasers ".

Improvised incendiary devices were used for the first time in the Spanish Civil War between July 1936 and April 1939, before they became known as " Molotov cocktails ".

No one was behind it, but in the rear wall of the office I noticed, for the first time, a door which had been left partially open.

Two of the new hands, a Mexican named Jose Amado and a kid known only as Laredo, were picked for the first trick of riding night herd.

Once again, Tom Horn was the first and most likely suspect, and he was brought in for questioning immediately.

At the first restaurant he sensibly pulled up to go in for his dinner, and as a consequence did not see Cobb strike the open range at the mouth of the canyon and head straight across the swells for Antler.

School began in August, the hottest part of the year, and for the first few days Miss Langford was very lenient with the children, letting them play a lot and the new ones sort of get acquainted with one another.

It was just as well that the ignorant Dandy enjoyed himself to the hilt that first evening, for the room was to become his prison cell.

In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.

For ten minutes they ran beneath the squall, raising their arms and, for the first time, shouting and capering.

He returned to Germany for the first time in 1953, where he has since conducted in Cologne, Frankfurt, and Berlin.

When I mentioned that for my first long voyage I did not even have the money for the return fare, but had trusted to luck that I would earn a sufficient amount, the young people looked at me doubtingly.

The active sponsor of Jefferson's measure for religious liberty in Virginia, Madison played the most influential single role in the drafting of the Constitution and in securing its ratification in Virginia, founded the first political party in American history, and, as Jefferson's Secretary of State and his successor in the Presidency, guided the nation through the troubled years of our second war with Britain.

This and other fears of the solar system have disappeared gradually, first, with the Ptolemaic system and its built-in concept of periodicity and then, more firmly, with the Newtonian innovation of an universal force that could account quantitatively for both terrestial and celestial motions.

It resembles, too, pictures such as Durer and Bruegel did, in which all that looks at first to be solely pictorial proves on inspection to be also literary, the representation of a proverb, for example, or a deadly sin.

Being somewhat delicate in health, at the age of sixteen he was sent to Southern Europe, for which he at once developed a passion, so that he spent nearly all of the following ten years abroad, at first in Italy, then in Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Palestine.

And for the first time a representative of the highest office in the land would have been liable to the charge that he had attempted to make it a successorship by inheritance.

If we examine the three types of change from the point of view of their internal structure we find an additional profound difference between the third and the first two, one that accounts for the notable difference between the responses they evoke.

He had taken out first papers for American citizenship ; ;

Before being daughter, wife, or mother, before being cultured ( a word now bereft both socially and politically of the sheen you children of frontiersmen bestowed on it ), before being sorry for the poor, progressive about public health, and prettily if somewhat imprecisely humanitarian, indeed first and foremost, you were a lady.

Lloyd Lewis wrote that when he first knew Carl in 1916, Sandburg was making $27.50 a week writing features for the Day Book and eating sparse luncheons in one-arm restaurants.

An accompanying sympathetic letter explained that inside the envelope was a name for Mrs. Coolidge's first granddaughter.

As a groundwork for the proposal I give some attention to the first task enumerated above, the clarification of goal.