`` History has this in common with every other science: that the historian is not allowed to claim any single piece of knowledge, except where he can justify his claim by exhibiting to himself in the first place, and secondly to any one else who is both able and willing to follow his demonstration, the grounds upon which it is based.

When the historian encounters a situation in which he can perceive no visible cause and effect sequence, he should be alert to intuition and unconscious instinct as possible guides.

From even a cursory inspection of its many aspects, however, the historian can deduce several fundamental conclusions about the progress of the Aegean world down to 800 B.C.

While the British military historian Sir John Keegan suggested an ideal definition of battle as " something which happens between two armies leading to the moral then physical disintegration of one or the other of them ", the origins and outcomes of battles can rarely be summarized so neatly.

Drawn from life by the historian Matthew Paris for his Chronica Majora, it can be seen in his bestiary at Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, with an accompanying text revealing that at the time, Europeans believed that elephants did not have knees and so were unable to get up if they fell over.

Nennius, a ninth-century historian, mentions a " Hot Lake " in the land of the Hwicce, which was along the Severn, and adds " It is surrounded by a wall, made of brick and stone, and men may go there to bathe at any time, and every man can have the kind of bath he likes.

* Edward Gibbon ( 18th century historian ) dismissed his testimony on the number of martyrs and impugned his honesty by referring to a passage in the abbreviated version of the Martyrs of Palestine attached to the Ecclesiastical History, book 8, chapter 2, in which Eusebius introduces his description of the martyrs of the Great Persecution under Diocletian with: " Wherefore we have decided to relate nothing concerning them except the things in which we can vindicate the Divine judgment.

While the term grimoire is originally European, and many Europeans throughout history, particularly ceremonial magicians and cunning folk, have made use of grimoires, the historian Owen Davies noted that similar such books can be found all across the world, ranging from Jamaica to Sumatra, and he also noted that the first such grimoires could be found not in Europe but in the Ancient Near East.

According to science and technology historian Bert S. Hall: " It goes without saying, however, that historians bent on special pleading, or simply with axes of their own to grind, can find rich material in these terminological thickets.

Although " historian " can be used to describe amateur and professional historians alike, it is reserved more recently for those who have acquired graduate degrees in the discipline.

Popular historian Frank McLynn maintains a counter-revisionist perspective on John, arguing that the king's modern reputation amongst historians is " bizarre ", and that as a monarch John " fails almost all those that can be legitimately set ".

In the view of historian Thomas Charles-Edwards, " at this stage of the enquiry, one can only say that there may well have been an historical Arthur ... the historian can as yet say nothing of value about him ".

Cryptography historian David Kahn titles him the " Father of Western Cryptography ", pointing to three significant advances in the field which can be attributed to Alberti: " the earliest Western exposition of cryptanalysis, the invention of polyalphabetic substitution, and the invention of enciphered code " ().

The historian, with a vast chronological account of a people, parallels it with a skip trail which stops only on the salient items, and can follow at any time contemporary trails which lead him all over civilization at a particular epoch.

According to the historian Pedro Barceló, it can be described as a private military-economic hegemony backed by the two independent powers, Carthage and Gades.

A slightly different accounting can be found in the book Against Apion, by the 1st-century Jewish historian Josephus, who describes 22 sacred books: the five books of Moses, thirteen histories, and four books of hymns to God and precepts for the conduct of human life.

According to historian and Herald for Wales, Major Francis Jones, 1908 – 1993, the introduction of the recipe can be attributed to Captain Henry Lewis Edwardes 1788 – 1866.

Early in the 20th century, a historian of Eton wrote, " No other school can claim to have sent forth such a cohort of distinguished figures to make their mark on the world.

He concludes that for a historian to attempt a more objective method, one must accept that history can only aspire to a conversation of the present with the past-and that one's methods of fact gathering should be openly examined.

Ivan Illich, the historian and social critic, can be read as an apophatic theologian, according to a longtime collaborator, Lee Hoinacki, in a paper presented in memory of Illich, called " Why Philia?

Furthermore, Joseph Tainter, anthropologist, historian and author of the book " The Collapse of Complex Societies ," has pointed out that each new addition of complexity to technology can only be sustained if there is a good enough return to justify the technology, and that over time, increases in complexity have improved productivity at an ever decreasing rate.

and, since the historian should only be interested in strictly terrestrial activity, his research should eliminate the supernatural.

Harris dates studies of both to Classical Greece and Classical Rome, specifically, to Herodotus, often called the " father of history " and the Roman historian, Tacitus, who wrote many of our only surviving contemporary accounts of several ancient Celtic and Germanic peoples.

Plato's account of Atlantis may have also inspired parodic imitation: writing only a few decades after the Timaeus and Critias, the historian Theopompus of Chios wrote of a land beyond the ocean known as Meropis.

It is still not clear how far Orkney ’ s advance was planned only as a feint ; according to historian David Chandler it is probably more accurate to surmise that Marlborough launched Orkney in a serious probe with a view to sounding out the possibilities of the sector.

" Although the plane came down only five miles northwest of the airport, no one saw or heard the crash ", wrote rock performer, archivist and music historian, Harry Hepcat, in his article about Buddy Holly.

As historian Eric Shaw noted of the years following nationalisation, the electricity and gas supply companies became “ impressive models of public enterprise ” in terms of efficiency, and the National Coal Board was not only profitable, but working conditions for miners had significantly improved as well.

Various History — for the most part preserved only in an abridged form — is Aelian's other well-known work, a miscellany of anecdotes and biographical sketches, lists, pithy maxims, and descriptions of natural wonders and strange local customs, in 14 books, with many surprises for the cultural historian and the mythographer, anecdotes about the famous Greek philosophers, poets, historians, and playwrights and myths instructively retold.

Art historian John Rewald called Pissarro the “ dean of the Impressionist painters ", not only because he was the oldest of the group, but also " by virtue of his wisdom and his balanced, kind, and warmhearted personality ”.

For example: if five ancient historians, none of whom knew each other, all claim that Julius Caesar seized power in Rome in 49 BCE, this is strong evidence in favor of that event occurring even if each individual historian is only partially reliable.

The only early Arab historian who mentions the Druze is the 11th century Christian scholar Yahya of Antioch, who clearly refers to the heretical group created by ad-Darazī rather than the followers of Hamza ibn ' Alī.

According to historian Michael A. Riff, a common feature of these movements was opposition not only to secularism, but also to both capitalism and socialism.

According to an article by the math historian Kenneth May, “ Maps utilizing only four colours are rare, and those that do usually require only three.

Polybius is also credited for being the first historian to write a History of the World, and to offer argued explanations and interpretations of history facts, and not only a record of them.

In 55 BC the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus wrote that there was an island called Hyperborea ( which means " far to the north ") where a round temple stood from which the moon appeared only a little distance above the earth every 19 years.

The historian Clinton Rossiter called the Federalist Papers “ the most important work in political science that ever has been written, or is likely ever to be written, in the United States .” They were not scholarly arguments or impartial justifications for the constitution, but political polemics intended to assist the federalists in New York, which was the only state to have a coordinated anti-federalist movement.

The historian Gordon S. Wood says that Lance Banning, as in his Sacred Fire of Liberty ( 1995 ), is the " only present-day scholar to maintain that Madison did not change his views in the 1790s.

The American historian Gordon A. Craig once observed that of all the voluminous memoir literature of the diplomatic scene of 1930s Europe, there are only two positive references to Ribbentrop.

The British historian Victor Rothwell wrote that the newspapers that Ribbentrop used to provide his press summaries for Hitler, such as the Daily Express and the Daily Mail, were out of touch not only with British public opinion, but also with British government policy in regard to Poland.

The British historian Richard Overy wrote that what Hitler thought he was starting in September 1939 was only a local war between Germany and Poland, and his decision to do so was largely because he vastly underestimated the risks of a general war.

The historian James Loewen is among those who assert that the United States purchased only France's claim to the Louisiana Territory, as the land belonged to the tribes who inhabited the area.

" Various critics, including historian Norman Cohn and folklorist Jacqueline Simpson, have highlighted what they see as Murray's " extreme selectivity " in choosing only sources that backed her argument, and ignoring those that did not.