Edmond Halley in 1692 put forth the idea of Earth consisting of a hollow shell about thick, two inner concentric shells and an innermost core, about the diameters of the planets Venus, Mars, and Mercury.

He supported the idea of a hollow Earth, but without interior shells or inner sun.

The writer David Hatcher Childress authored Lost Continents and the Hollow Earth ( 1998 ) in which he reprinted the stories of Palmer and defended the hollow earth idea based on alleged tunnel systems beneath South America and central Asia.

In May 2003 the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE project ( Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico ), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates ; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow pontoons to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon.

The idea, supported by the Greek physician Galen, held that nerves were hollow and the movement of spirits through them propelled muscle motion.

The idea is that a " representative rectangle " ( used in the most basic forms of integration – such as ∫ x dx ) can be rotated about the axis of revolution ; thus generating a hollow cylinder.

Ramsden's transit instruments were the first which were illuminated through the hollow axis ; the idea was suggested to him by Prof. Henry Ussher in Dublin.

The basic idea was to use an insulating belt to transport electric charge to the interior of an insulated hollow terminal, where it could be discharged regardless of the potential already present on the terminal, that does not produce any electric field in its interior.

* Jules Verne used the idea of a partially hollow Earth in his 1864 novel, A Journey to the Center of the Earth.

The idea that the Moon was not perfectly smooth can be traced as far back as approximately 450 BC, when Democritus believed that there were " lofty mountains and hollow valleys " on the Moon.

* Hollow Earth theory, the idea that the planet Earth has a hollow interior and possibly an inhabitable inner surface

* Although it is often suggested that Jules Verne used the idea of a partially hollow Earth in his 1864 novel, A Journey to the Center of the Earth, his characters actually descend only 87 miles beneath the surface where they find an underground sea occupying a cavern roughly the size of Europe.

Eventually, most paleontologists began to accept the idea that the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous were largely or at least partly due to a massive Earth impact.

This idea may be traced back to early Chinese shamanistic beliefs, such as the king being the axle between the sky, human beings, and the Earth.

Astronomers had expected to see the fireballs from the impacts, but did not have any idea in advance how visible the atmospheric effects of the impacts would be from Earth.

Clark Kent, on the other hand, has no idea what he is going to do with his life while bewildered by his powers, and his uncertainty as to why he was sent to Earth.

c. BC ) opposed the concept of a spherical Earth, because he considered that in an infinite universe there was no center towards which heavy bodies would tend, thus he considered the idea of animals walking around topsy-turvy under the Earth to be absurd.

In his Homilies Concerning the Statutes St. John Chrysostom ( 344 – 408 ) explicitly espoused the idea, based on his reading of Scripture, that the Earth floated on the waters gathered below the firmament, and St. Athanasius ( c. 293 – 373 ) expressed similar views in Against the Heathen.

A second tradition, including Basil, Ambrose and Augustine, but also Philoponus, accepted the idea of the round Earth and the radial gravity, but in a critical way.

The large number of surviving manuscripts of The Reckoning of Time, copied to meet the Carolingian requirement that all priests should study the computus, indicates that many, if not most, priests were exposed to the idea of the sphericity of the Earth.

At least one work of fiction, the film Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within, uses Gaia philosophy as a central point to the plot, and may arguably represent a fictional parallel to Sir James Lovelock in the character of Dr. Cid, who is met with skepticism from the scientific and social community when he promotes the idea of a " living Earth ".

The gradual chipping away of the Ptolemaic system paved the way for the revolutionary idea that the Earth actually orbited the Sun ( heliocentricism ).

Fantasy author Philip Pullman echoes this idea in the fantasy series His Dark Materials, in which the characters finally come to the conclusion that people should make life better on Earth rather than wait for heaven ( this idea is known as the Republic of Heaven ).

In ancient times, the idea of subterranean realms seemed arguable, and became intertwined with the concept of " places " such as the Greek Hades, the Nordic svartalfheim, the Christian Hell, and the Jewish Sheol ( with details describing inner Earth in Kabalistic literature, such as the Zohar and Hesed L ' Avraham ).

A book allegedly by a " Dr. Raymond Bernard " which appeared in 1964, The Hollow Earth, exemplifies the idea of UFOs coming from inside the earth.

In fact, lecturers in the medieval universities commonly advanced evidence in favor of the idea that the Earth was a sphere.

Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals.

The related but distinct idea of ' exogenesis ' () is a more limited hypothesis that proposes life on Earth was transferred from elsewhere in the Universe but makes no prediction about how widespread it is.

In related stories, the creation idea is caused by a single entity emanating or producing something by him-or herself, as in the Tibetan Buddhism concept of Adi-Buddha, the ancient Greek story of Gaia ( Mother Earth ), the Aztec goddess Coatlicue myth, the ancient Egyptian god Atum story, or the Genesis creation narrative.

The term uniformitarianism was coined by William Whewell, who also coined the term catastrophism for the idea that the Earth was shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, violent events.

Other science fiction books have promoted the idea of virtual reality as a partial, but not total, substitution for the misery of reality, or have touted it as a method for creating breathtaking virtual worlds in which one may escape from Earth.

The general acceptance of the idea of governmental ( i.e., societal ) responsibility for the economic well-being of the American people is surely one of the two most significant watersheds in American constitutional history.

The dweller at p is last to hear about a new cure, the slowest to announce to his neighbors his urgent distresses, the one who goes the farthest to trade, and the one with the greatest difficulty of all in putting over an idea or getting people to join him in a cooperative effort.

And it is clearly argued by Lord Percy of Newcastle, in his remarkable long essay, The Heresy Of Democracy, and in a more general way by Voegelin, in his New Science Of Politics, that this same Rousseauan idea, descending through European democracy, is the source of Marx's theory of the dictatorship of the proletariat.

As a Humanist, Dr. Huxley interests himself in the possibilities of human development, and one thing we can say about this suggestion, which comes from a leading zoologist, is that, so far as he is concerned, the scientific outlook places no rigid limitation upon the idea of future human evolution.

The idea here is one of discharge but this must stand in opposition to a second view, Plato's notion of the arousal of emotion.

A third idea is that artistic literature serves to reduce emotional conflicts, giving a sense of serenity and calm to individuals.

It is possible that the idea of enrichment of emotion is a fifth idea.

It is true that this distinction between style and idea often approaches the arbitrary since in the end we must admit that style and content frequently influence or interpenetrate one another and sometimes appear as expressions of the same insight.

At this point a working definition of idea is in order, although our first definition will have to be qualified somewhat as we proceed.

Outstanding among these is the idea of human nature itself, including the many definitions that have been advanced over the centuries ; ;

An idea, of the sort that we have in mind, although of necessity readily available to imagination, is more general in connotation than most poetic or literary images, especially those appearing in lyric poems that seek to capture a moment of personal experience.

Finally we may note that the idea appears in educational theory where its influence is at present widespread.

namely, is the idea that there were Saxon mercenaries in England at all reasonable??

And to do this requires first of all the kind of information about people which is provided by the scientists in industrial anthropology and consumer research, who, for example, tell Courtenay that three days is the `` optimum priming period for a closed social circuit to be triggered with a catalytic cue-phrase '' -- which means that an effective propaganda technique is to send an idea into circulation and then three days later reinforce or undermine it.

He mentions the beats only once '', when he refers to their having revived through mere power and abandonment and the unwillingness to, commit death in life some idea of a decent equivalent between verbal expression and actual experience,, but the entire narrative, is written in the tiresome vocabulary `` of '' that lost `` and '' dying cause, `` and in the '' `` sprung syntax that is supposed to supplant, our mother, tongue.

The trouble is that at first glance the idea looks like such a good one.

Although Mr. Brown was not himself its inventor ( it was a French idea ), it is typical that his intuition first conceived the importance of mass producing this basic tool for general use.