American philosopher Michael Martin argues that it is not necessarily true that objective moral truths must entail the existence of God, suggesting that there could be alternative explanations: he argues that naturalism may be an acceptable explanation and, even if a supernatural explanation is necessary, it does not have to be God ( polytheism is a viable alternative ).

Maurice Merleau-Ponty () ( 14 March 1908 – 3 May 1961 ) was a French phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Karl Marx, Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre ( who later stated he had been " converted " to Marxism by Merleau-Ponty ) and Simone de Beauvoir.

* 1976 – Martin Heidegger, German philosopher ( b. 1889 )

It was greatly influenced by the writings of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche in the 19th century and other early-to-mid 20th-century philosophers, including phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, structuralist Roland Barthes, and the language / logic philosopher, Ludwig Wittgenstein.

Whitehead's thinking here has given rise to process theology, whose prominent advocates include Charles Hartshorne, John B. Cobb, Jr., and Hans Jonas, who was also influenced by the non-theological philosopher Martin Heidegger.

Martin Buber, the Jewish religious philosopher, attacked Huxley's notion that mescaline allowed a person to participate in " common being ", and held that the drug ushered users " merely into a strictly private sphere ".

Germany's most influential philosopher during the Weimar Republic years, and perhaps of the 20th century, was Martin Heidegger.

* Martin Buber – philosopher ( I and Thou )

* Martin Heidegger – philosopher ( Being and Time )

** Martin Heidegger, German philosopher ( b. 1889 )

* September 26 – Martin Heidegger, German philosopher ( d. 1976 )

* February 8 – Martin Buber, Austrian philosopher ( d. 1965 )

Martin Heidegger (; September 26, 1889May 26, 1976 ) was a German philosopher known for his existential and phenomenological explorations of the " question of Being ".

The philosopher Charles Taylor, influenced by the 20th century German philosopher Martin Heidegger, has proposed that reason ought to include the faculty of disclosure, which is tied to the way we make sense of things in everyday life, as a new " department " of reason.

The philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre published a book in 2006 titled, Edith Stein: A Philosophical Prologue, 1913-1922, in which he contrasted Stein's living out of her own personal philosophy with Martin Heidegger, whose actions during the Nazi era according to MacIntyre suggested a " bifurcation of personality.

* Martin Heidegger, philosopher, Rector of University of Freiburg ( 1933 / 34 )

Kripke's position has, however recently been defended against these and other attacks by the Cambridge philosopher Martin Kusch ( 2006 ), and Wittgenstein scholar David G. Stern considers the book to be " the most influential and widely discussed " work on Wittgenstein since the 1980s.

Current and former Tufts faculty include former American Psychological Association president Robert Sternberg, Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Martin J. Sherwin, preeminent philosopher Daniel Dennett, Nobel Laureate Allan M. Cormack ( 1924 – 1998 ), regular featured columnist in Foreign Policy Magazine Daniel W. Drezner, radio host Lonnie Carton and author of No Future: Queer Theory and the Death Drive Lee Edelman.

These include the philosopher Isaiah Berlin, the writer Vikram Seth, the financial commentator Martin Wolf, current Leader of the Labour Party Ed Miliband and former UK Foreign Secretary David Miliband.

After reviewing criticisms from several authors, atheist philosopher Michael Martin said that although " Wells's thesis is controversial and not widely accepted ," his " argument against the historicity of Jesus is sound ".

Jaspers, the psychoactive substance in the book, is named for Karl Jaspers, a German psychiatrist and philosopher and contemporary of Martin Heidegger who claimed that individual authenticity required a joining with the " transcendent other ," traditionally known as God.

German philosopher Martin Heidegger ( Being and Time ), defined intentionality as " care " ( Sorge ), a sentient condition where an individual's existentiality, facticity, and forfeiture to the world identifies their ontological significance, in contrast to that which is the mere ontic ( thinghood ).

* Martin Luther ( 1483 – 1546 ) -- also not strictly a philosopher, although he knew something of William of Occam and nominalist epistemology ), from an earlier era of European thought.

* February 8-Martin Buber, Austrian philosopher ( died 1965 )

Others include the sociologist Karl Mannheim, the philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer, the philosophers of religion Franz Rosenzweig, Martin Buber, and Paul Tillich, the psychologist Max Wertheimer, and the sociologist Norbert Elias.

Martin Buber, a deeply religious philosopher, had frequently referred to the Hasidic tradition.

Secular philosopher Martin Buber states that he was influenced by the books of the Hassidei Ashkenaz, twice once in a letter to Jewish Nietzschean story-teller Mica Josef Berdiczewsky.

Brit Shalom supporters and founders included economist and sociologist Arthur Ruppin, philosopher Martin Buber, Hugo Bergmann, historian Hans Kohn, Gershom Scholem and Henrietta Szold ; others, such as Albert Einstein also voiced their support.

Non-Orthodox Jewish philosophy | Jewish philosopher Martin Buber ( 1878-1965 ) was the first to publicise Hasidism to the wider non-Jewish world.

Earlier, the Scottish philosopher David Hume had put forward a similar view on the difference between facts and values.

The French philosopher Gilles Deleuze used ideas from Butler's book at various points in the development of his philosophy of difference.

As a philosopher, Dorff asks about the difference between belief and knowledge.

This distinction dates back to the Greek philosopher Theophrastus ( 370 – 285 BCE ), the " Father of Botany ", who was keenly aware of this difference.

The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes asked how it was possible to tell the difference between talking to God in a dream, and dreaming about talking to God.

As a philosopher, Gillman asks about the difference between belief and knowledge.

Some scholars have suggested that what accounts for the difference is that Xenophon wished to avoid the explicit attribution of " wisdom ", a term which, to the average Athenian, would suggest that Socrates indeed was properly characterized as an atheistic natural philosopher as Aristophanes had done.

In Plato's mind there is an irresolvable conflict between the poet and the philosopher, because the poet imitates only particular objects and is incapable of rising to the first level of abstraction, much less the highest level of ideal forms.

The stone was given its name by Theophrastus, a Greek philosopher and naturalist, who discovered the stone along the shore line of the river Achates () sometime between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC.

Conversely, in more recent times, Russian existentialist philosopher Lev Shestov viewed Job as the embodiment of the battle between reason ( which offers general and seemingly comforting explanations for complex events ) and faith in a personal god, and one man's desperate cry for him.

Centuries later, the Islamic philosopher Avicenna ( c. 980 – 1037 ) inquired into the question of being, in which he distinguished between essence ( Mahiat ) and existence ( Wujud ).

It is for this reason that Richard Rorty asks if Derrida should be considered a quasi-transcendental philosopher that operates in the tension between the demands of the empirical and the transcendental.

The Scottish philosopher David Hume ( 1711 – 1776 ) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism.

Based on an idea of Takahiro Fujimoto, who is a specialist in automobile industry and a philosopher of the international competitiveness, Fujimoto and Shiozawa developed a discussion in which how the factories of the same multi-national firms compete between them across borders.

German philosopher Ernst Cassirer ( 1946 ) held that Machiavelli simply adopts the stance of a political scientist — a Galileo of politics — in distinguishing between the " facts " of political life and the " values " of moral judgment.

* The political philosopher Charles Blattberg has advanced a distinction between negotiation and conversation and criticized those methods of conflict-resolution which give too much weight to the former.

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer designates this " inner nature " with the term Will, and suggests that science and mathematics are unable to penetrate beyond the relationship between one thing and another in order to explain the " inner nature " of the thing itself, independent of any external causal relationships with other " things ".

The ground breaking video explores transhumanist philosopher FM-2030's ( Persian: فریدون اسفندیاری ) ideas of " Nostalgia for the Future ", in the form of an imagined love affair between a robot and one of Man Ray's models in Paris in the late 1930s.

Another theory says that Vulcan colonization efforts led to a split, or schism, between factions favoring the school of logic espoused by the philosopher Surak and opposition groups, led by S ' task, which ended up leaving Vulcan.

The French philosopher, Auguste Comte ( 1798 – 1857 ), established the epistemological perspective of positivism in The Course in Positivist Philosophy, a series of texts published between 1830 and 1842.

Plaque on the former house of Pierre Janet | Pierre Marie Félix Janet ( 1859-1947 ), the philosopher and psychologist who first drew a connection between events in the subject's past life and present mental health, also coining the words " dissociation " and " subconscious "

He was the moderator of the general synod which met in April, 1571, at La Rochelle and decided not to abolish church discipline or to acknowledge the civil government as head of the Church, as the Paris minister Jean Morel and the philosopher Pierre Ramus demanded ; it also decided to confirm anew the Calvinistic doctrine of the Lord's Supper ( by the expression: " substance of the body of Christ ") against Zwinglianism, which caused a very unpleasant discussion between Beza and Ramus and Heinrich Bullinger.

Imaginary debate between Averroes and Porphyry ( philosopher ) | Porphyry.

The Socratic method ( also known as method of elenchus, elenctic method, Socratic irony, or Socratic debate ), named after the classical Greek philosopher Socrates, is a form of inquiry and debate between individuals with opposing viewpoints based on asking and answering questions to stimulate critical thinking and to illuminate ideas.

He believes the philosopher of science who has most helpfully struck the balance between the " critical " and " realism " aspects of this is Michael Polanyi.

This theme of intrusion or transgression was taken up in the twentieth century by the French philosopher Georges Bataille, who argued that eroticism performs a function of dissolving boundaries between human subjectivity and humanity, a transgression that dissolves the rational world but is always temporary, as well as that, " Desire in eroticism is the desire that triumphs over the taboo.

Derek Parfit ( born December 11, 1942 ; China ) is a British philosopher who specializes in problems of personal identity, rationality and ethics, and the relations between them.

Ancient commentators mention an association between Milo and the philosopher Pythagoras, who lived at or near Croton for many years.

The idea of the fourth wall was made explicit by philosopher and critic Denis Diderot and spread in 19th-century theatre with the advent of theatrical realism, which extended the idea to the imaginary boundary between any fictional work and its audience.

Francisco Javier Varela García ( September 7, 1946 – May 28, 2001 ) was a Chilean biologist, philosopher, and neuroscientist who, together with his teacher Humberto Maturana, is best known for introducing the concept of autopoiesis to biology, and for co-founding the Mind and Life Institute to promote dialog between science and Buddhism.