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The sinewave output of an ideal oscillator is a single line in the frequency spectrum.
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sinewave and output
The distortion of a waveform relative to a pure sinewave can be measured either by using a wave analyser to analyse the output wave into its constituent harmonics and noting the amplitude of each relative to the fundamental ; or by cancelling out the fundamental with a notch filter and measuring the remaining signal, which will be total aggregate harmonic distortion plus noise.
Given a sinewave generator of very low inherent distortion, it can be used as input to amplification equipment, whose distortion at different frequencies and signal levels can be measured by examining the output waveform.
A typical application is to measure the distortion of a nominally sinewave signal ; a very-low-distortion sinewave is used as the input to equipment under test, and a spectrum analyser can examine the output, which will have added distortion products, and determine the percentage distortion at each harmonic of the fundamental.
Instead of using a low-distortion sinewave, the input can be subtracted from the output, attenuated and phase-corrected, to give only the added distortion and noise, which can be analysed.
sinewave and ideal
Thus the overall bandwidth of super-regenerator cannot be less than 4 times that of the quench frequency, assuming the quenching oscillator produces an ideal sinewave.
sinewave and oscillator
# Frequency shifting of the RF signal to the equivalent baseband I and Q signals, or to an intermediate frequency ( IF ) signal, by multiplying the RF signal with a local oscillator sinewave and cosine wave frequency ( see the superheterodyne receiver principle ).
Analog signal generators based on a sinewave oscillator were common before the inception of digital electronics, and are still used.
sinewave and is
If the sinewave is run through a stateless nonlinear circuit ( transcribing function ), the resulting distortion creates harmonics.
In case of a baseband channel such as a telegraph line, a serial cable or a Local Area Network twisted pair cable, data is transferred using line codes, i. e. pulses rather than sinewave tones.
sinewave and frequency
In a modem, these may be sinewave tones with unique combinations of amplitude, phase and / or frequency.
A pure sinewave at frequency f has no harmonics.
In a modem, these may be sinewave tones with unique combinations of amplitude, phase and / or frequency.
sinewave and .
Nonlinearities that give rise to amplitude distortion in audio systems are most often measured in terms of the harmonics ( overtones ) added to a pure sinewave fed to the system.
If driven by a periodic sinewave ( alternating current ) the component will be characterised by its complex impedance Z ( ω ) = R + j X ( ω ); the impedance can involve several minor resistances, inductances and capacitances in addition to the main property.
* Maximum sinewave distortion of about 1 % ( accuracy of diode shaping network ) for analog generators.
output and ideal
The ideal shape of a semiconductor with maximum light output would be a microsphere with the photon emission occurring at the exact center, with electrodes penetrating to the center to contact at the emission point.
This means that for an ideal optical system, the luminance at the output is the same as the input luminance.
The output resistance is not zero, as it would be in an ideal op-amp, but with negative feedback it approaches zero at low frequencies.
This quantity exactly equals the kinetic power of the jet, so in this ideal case, the efficiency is 100 %, since all the energy in the jet is converted to shaft output.
It is the ratio of the ideal to the actual work input / output.
In telecommunication, antenna noise temperature is the temperature of a hypothetical resistor at the input of an ideal noise-free receiver that would generate the same output noise power per unit bandwidth as that at the antenna output at a specified frequency.
The noise figure is the difference in decibels ( dB ) between the noise output of the actual receiver to the noise output of an “ ideal ” receiver with the same overall gain and bandwidth when the receivers are connected to matched sources at the standard noise temperature ( usually 290 K ).
To understand a system with an input and an output, such as an audio amplifier, we start with an ideal system where the transfer function is linear and time-invariant.
The output DC voltage of an ideal half wave rectifier is:
If the separate bands are to be mixed back together again ( as in multiband processing ), then the ideal audio crossover would split the incoming audio signal into separate bands that do not overlap or interact and which result in an output signal unchanged in frequency, relative levels, and phase response.
Amplifiers are not ideal ; they also have some output impedance that limits the amount of power they can provide.
In accordance with the ideal gas law, a compression operation will raise the temperature of the compressed output.
Usually this is defined by the amount the output differs from ideal behavior over the full range of the sensor, often noted as a percentage of the full range.
In electronics, the ideal model ( infinite gain ) of an operational amplifier is said to produce a virtual short circuit between its input terminals because no matter what the output voltage is, the difference of potential between its input terminals is zero.
Designed with a Volcano shaped cook chamber for high efficiency, a draft ring to control air intake, the ability to collapse to form a very small footprint, and a carrying case make these an ideal choice for those who want more heat output than can typically be provided by portable stoves that use hexamine, trioxane or a fuel canister.
Theoretically, the " ideal cycle " does have high net work output, but it is rarely used in practical applications, in part because other cycles are simpler or reduce peak stresses on bearings and other components.
The virtual machine paradigm allows the same compiler output to be used across multiple target systems, although this is not always ideal because virtual machines are often slower and the compiled program can only be run on computers with that virtual machine.
The impulse response of an optical imaging system is the output plane field which is produced when an ideal mathematical point source of light is placed in the input plane ( usually on-axis ).
If an ideal, mathematical point source of light is placed on-axis in the input plane of the first lens, then there will be a uniform, collimated field produced in the output plane of the first lens.
The output of an ideal differential amplifier is given by:
This means, for instance, that if and are equal, the output will not be zero, as it would be in the ideal case.
this allows greater control of the basic parameters of the patch and allows more manipulation to create the ideal sound without complicated re-routing as the editing is done within the Combinator ( pre-combinators output ).
output and oscillator
Block diagram of a feedback linear oscillator ; an amplifier A with its output v < sub > o </ sub > fed back into its input v < sub > f </ sub > through a electronic filter | filter, β ( jω ).
The harmonic, or linear, oscillator produces a sinusoidal output.
The most common form of linear oscillator is an electronic amplifier such as a transistor or op amp connected in a feedback loop with its output fed back into its input through a frequency selective electronic filter to provide positive feedback.
A nonlinear or relaxation oscillator produces a non-sinusoidal output, such as a square, sawtooth or triangle wave.
In pulsed applications there is a delay of several cycles before the oscillator achieves full peak power, and the build-up of anode voltage must be coordinated with the build-up of oscillator output.
The name " multivibrator " was initially applied to the free-running oscillator version of the circuit because its output waveform was rich in harmonics.
To recover the original signal from the IF SSB signal, the single sideband must be frequency-shifted down to its original range of baseband frequencies, by using a product detector which mixes it with the output of a beat frequency oscillator ( BFO ).
The output of the mixer may include the original RF signal at f < small >< sub > d </ sub ></ small >, the local oscillator signal at f < small >< sub > LO </ sub ></ small >, and the two new frequencies f < small >< sub > d </ sub ></ small >+ f < small >< sub > LO </ sub ></ small > and f < small >< sub > d </ sub ></ small >- f < small >< sub > LO </ sub ></ small >.
If a high-gain amplifier's output capacitively couples to its input it often becomes an electronic oscillator.
The outputs of these low-pass filters are inputs to another phase detector, the output of which passes through noise-reduction filter before being used to control the voltage-controlled oscillator.
As the oscillator amplifies the signals coming out of the crystal, the signals in the crystal's frequency band will become stronger, eventually dominating the output of the oscillator.
The output frequency of a quartz oscillator can be either the fundamental resonance or a multiple of the resonance, called an overtone frequency.
The output of a fixed radio frequency oscillator is mixed with that of an oscillator whose frequency is affected by the variable capacitance between the antenna and the thereminist as that person moves her or his hand near the pitch control antenna.
This circuit compares the phase of the input signal with the phase of the signal derived from its output oscillator and adjusts the frequency of its oscillator to keep the phases matched.
The output of the third oscillator and / or the noise generator can also be routed to the control voltage inputs of the filter and / or oscillators.
Hence V < sub > G </ sub > can be a voltage pulse, such as the voltage output from a UJT relaxation oscillator.
The method works by resetting the oscillator using the waveform generator test bit, quickly ramping up the new waveform with the Triangle waveform selected, and then disabling all waveforms, resulting in the DAC continuing to output the last value --- which is the desired sample.
Figure 1: Numerically controlled oscillator with optional quadrature output
The two-cavity amplifier klystron is readily turned into an oscillator klystron by providing a feedback loop between the input and output cavities.
The two-cavity oscillator klystron normally generates more power than the reflex klystron — typically watts of output rather than milliwatts.
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