In 1911, just three years after helium was first liquified, Onnes working at University of Leiden discovered superconductivity in mercury, when he observed the electrical resistivity in mercury to vanish when the temperature was lowered below a certain value.

The theory was based on how heat-treating metal works ( the temperatures are lowered to room temperature from a high degree causing certain strength increases in the molecular structure to occur ) and supposed that continuing the descent would allow for further strength increases.

Once the pressure is lowered to the vapor pressure of the compound ( at the given temperature ), boiling and the rest of the distillation process can commence.

Like other cryogenic liquids, helium I boils when it is heated and contracts when its temperature is lowered.

Below the lambda point, however, helium does not boil, and it expands as the temperature is lowered further.

If the piston is slowly lowered, the system will trace a curve of increasing temperature and pressure within the gas region of the phase diagram.

The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered.

In superconducting materials, the characteristics of superconductivity appear when the temperature T is lowered below a critical temperature T < sub > c </ sub >.

Sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate, when added to water, lowered the water temperature and created a sort of refrigeration bath for cooling substances.

They conducted their experiment with the bulb of a mercury thermometer as their object and with a bellows used to " quicken " the evaporation ; they lowered the temperature of the thermometer bulb down to, while the ambient temperature was.

These include the ferromagnetic phase transition in materials such as iron, where the magnetization, which is the first derivative of the free energy with respect to the applied magnetic field strength, increases continuously from zero as the temperature is lowered below the Curie temperature.

# If the vapour pressure is lowered by lowering the temperature of the vapour

The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as temperature is lowered.

This host response has been termed systemic inflammatory response syndrome ( SIRS ) and is characterized by an elevated heart rate ( above 90 beats per minute ), high respiratory rate ( above 20 breaths per minute or a partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood of less than 32 ), abnormal white blood cell count ( above 12, 000, lower than 4, 000, or greater than 10 % band forms ) and elevated or lowered body temperature, i. e. under or over.

Between 1983 and 1994, four probes containing temperature and pressure measurement devices and video equipment were lowered into Old Faithful.

For high accuracy depths, usually restricted to special purpose or scientific surveys, a sensor may be lowered to observe the factors ( temperature, pressure and salinity ) used to calculate sound speed and thus determine the actual sound speed in the local water column.

Data from these launches showed that the temperature lowered with height up to a certain altitude, which varied with the season, and then stabilized above this altitude.

Freezing or solidification is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point.

All known liquids, except liquid helium, freeze when the temperature is lowered enough.

The control rods are " shimmed " in or out to regulate average coolant temperature or lowered to the bottom of the reactor vessel to shut the reactor down ( either done in a slow controlled manner or dropped rapidly during what is referred to as a SCRAM to immediately shut the reactor down.

Some people have reported a temperature differential as high as () between the inside of the dome and the outside.

In a Carnot cycle, heat () is absorbed from a ' hot ' reservoir, isothermally at the higher temperature, and given up isothermally to a ' cold ' reservoir,, at a lower temperature,.

In January the warmest average temperature () occurs around the southern city of Osh, and around Ysyk-Köl.

Polonium hydride () is a volatile liquid at room temperature prone to dissociation.

For example, in the brewing industry, the Plato table, which lists sucrose concentration by weight against true SG, were originally ( 20 ° C / 4 ° C ) that is based on measurements of the density of sucrose solutions made at laboratory temperature ( 20 ° C ) but referenced to the density of water at 4 ° C which is very close to the temperature at which water has its maximum density of ρ () equal to 0. 999972 g / cm < sup > 3 </ sup > ( or 62. 43 lb < sub > m </ sub >· ft < sup >− 3 </ sup >).

The noise power spectral density generated by all these sources () can be described by assigning to the noise a temperature as defined above:

The surface temperature is at least () because Triton's nitrogen ice is in the warmer, hexagonal crystalline state, and the phase transition between hexagonal and cubic nitrogen ice occurs at that temperature.

:* Oxygen-18 quantity changes () in ice layers represent changes in average ocean surface temperature.

* Its high boiling point () enables the reaction to reach very high temperatures, since several processes tend to limit the maximum temperature to just below the boiling point.

* Medium () — ( core temperature ) The middle of the steak is hot and fully pink surrounding the center.

* Well done () — ( and above core temperature ) The meat is grey-brown in the center and slightly charred.

* Overcook () — ( much more than core temperature ) The meat is blackened throughout and slightly crispy.

MIPAS ( Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding ) is a Fourier transforming infrared spectrometer which provides pressure and temperature profiles, and profiles of trace gases nitrogen dioxide (), nitrous oxide (), methane (), nitric acid (), ozone (), and water () in the stratosphere.

A change in the entropy () of a system is the infinitesimal transfer of heat () to a closed system driving a reversible process, divided by the equilibrium temperature () of the system.

A sample containing twice the amount of substance as another sample requires the transfer of twice the amount of heat () to achieve the same change in temperature ().

For home sprouting, the seeds are soaked ( big seeds ) or moistened ( small ), then left at room temperature () in a sprouting vessel.

To Asher he assigned western Galilee, () a region with comparatively low temperature, and much rainfall, making it some of the most fertile land in Canaan, with rich pasture, wooded hills, and orchards ; as such Asher was particularly prosperous, and known for its olive oil.

Fuqi feipian () is a popular Sichuan dish, served cold or at room temperature, which is made of thinly sliced beef and beef offal.

Carbon resistors and impurity-doped germanium resistors have been investigated for use as precision secondary thermometers in the liquid helium temperature region.

However, the surface temperature gradient can produce erroneous vapor-pressure measurements for the bulk liquid helium unless precautions are taken to isolate the tube ( which passes through the surface to the vapor pressure bulb ) from the liquid helium surface.

Over a temperature range from 25 to 200 Af and at pressures up to 250 atm, an overload of 300 psi, applied for a period of one day, results in an uncertainty in the pressure of, at most, one millimeter of mercury.

In March, 1961, representatives of the national laboratories of Australia, Canada, The Netherlands, United Kingdom, U.S.S.R., United States, and West Germany, met at the NBS to devise means for reaching international agreement on a temperature scale between 10 and 90 Af.

A study of the hydrogen line profiles indicates that a measurement of these profiles can be used to calculate a temperature for the arc plasma that is reliable to about Af percent.

Mustard cream, used as alternate dip for franks and pineapple tidbits, tastes best when served at room temperature.

The apparent black-body disk temperature is the temperature which must be assumed for the black body in order that the intensity of its radiation should equal that of the observed radiation.

The half-intensity diameter of the main lobe of the antenna was about 18'.5, and the brightness temperature was reduced by assuming a Gaussian shape for the antenna beam and a uniformly bright disk for the moon.

In plasma generators as currently commercially available for industrial use or as high temperature research tools often more than 50% of the total energy input is being transferred to the cooling medium of the anode.

Two pyrometers shown in figure 1 and 2 ( Pyrometer Instrument Co. Model 95 ) served for simultaneous measurement of the anode surface temperature and the temperature distribution along the anode holder.

Thus, the dotted line shown in figure 4 was taken as typical for the temperature distribution for all blowing rates.

The temperature distribution of figure 4 gives Af for all blowing rates, assuming Af.

The temperature was maintained to within about Af for the period of time required to make the measurement ( usually about one hour ).

Of several methods employed for tagging chlorine with radiochlorine, the exchange of inactive chlorine with tagged aluminum chloride at room temperature was found to be the most satisfactory.

No detectable reaction was found at room temperature for reaction mixtures allowed to stand up to 5 hours.

The mixtures of sample plus cell suspension were allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 Aj.

For the albumin method, equal volumes of 30% bovine albumin, sample and 2% cells suspended in saline were allowed to stand at room temperature for 1 hr and then were centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 1 Aj.

Blood samples were allowed to clot at room temperature for 3 hr, centrifuged and the serum was removed.

-- Glycerinated muscle, in the presence of the physiological agent ( ATP ) responsible for delivering energy to the mechanochemically active proteins of muscle, has been shown to undergo a contraction which is highly sensitive both to temperature and to solvent composition in mixtures of alcohols and water.

Upon completion of the purging step, additional initiator appropriate for the molecular weight of the sample desired is added, and the system is then warmed to the polymerization temperature, at which the reaction is allowed to go to completion.