The Latin name Aelia is the source of the Arabic term Iliyā ' ( إلياء ), an early Islamic name for Jerusalem.

In Europe a similar liquid process in open-topped crucibles took place which was probably less efficient than the Roman process and the use of the term tutty by Albertus Magnus in the 13th century suggests influence from Islamic technology.

A ( ), ( collectively /, " the people of the dhimma ") is a historical term referring to non-Muslim citizens of an Islamic state.

In order to distinguish esoteric currents based primarily on sources from late Antiquity and the European Middle Ages, from e. g. Islamic or Jewish currents with similar features, the more precise term " Western esotericism " is often employed.

Some people use the term to mean an Islamic death sentence imposed upon a person.

The term fatwā is sometimes used by some Muslims to mean to " give permission " to do a certain act that might be illegal under Islamic law ; other Muslims view this to be incorrect.

The media, in an attempt to explain the ideology of Ayatollah Khomeini and the Iranian Revolution to a Western audience described it as a " fundamentalist version of Islam " by way of analogy to the Christian fundamentalist movement in the U. S. Thus was born the term " Islamic fundamentalist ", which would come to be one of the most common usages of the term in the following years.

In Islamic terminology, the term hadith refers to reports of statements or actions of Muhammad, or of his tacit approval or criticism of something said or done in his presence.

Many of those described as " Islamists " oppose the use of the term, and claim that their political beliefs and goals are simply an expression of Islamic religious belief.

From French, it began to migrate to the English language in the mid-1980s, and in recent years has largely displaced the term Islamic fundamentalism in academic circles.

The use of the term Islamism was at first " a marker for scholars more likely to sympathize " with new Islamic movements ; however, as the term gained popularity it became more specifically associated with political groups such as the Taliban or the Algerian Armed Islamic Group, as well as with highly publicized acts of violence.

" Islamists " who have spoken out against the use of the term insisting they are merely " Muslims ", include Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, the spiritual mentor of Hizbullah, and Abbassi Madani, leader of the Algerian Islamic Salvation Front.

Jihad (; ), an Islamic term, is a religious duty of Muslims.

The term means " way " or " path "; it is the legal framework within which public and most private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Islamic principles of jurisprudence.

Fiqh is the term for Islamic jurisprudence, made up of the rulings of Islamic jurists.

During the Islamic Golden Age, there was a logical debate among Islamic philosophers and jurists whether the term Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning, inductive reasoning or categorical syllogism.

The term idea refers to our more reflective or thoughtful consciousness as opposed to the immediacies of sensuous or emotional experience.

This term refers to the ability of a material to resist bending stress and is determined by measuring the load required to cause failure by bending.

The term Afroasiatic Urheimat ( Urheimat meaning " original homeland " in German ) refers to the ' hypothetical ' place where Proto-Afroasiatic speakers lived in a single linguistic community, or complex of communities, before this original language dispersed geographically and divided into distinct languages.

The term also broadly refers to any enterprise that is potentially fraught with physical, financial or psychological risk, such as a business venture, a love affair, or other major life undertakings.

While not entirely synonymous with Anatolia, the term Asia Minor, derived from the Latin Asia Minores, refers to Asia inside the Roman Empire, versus Asia Magna, all of Asia beyond the borders.

Art is a term that describes a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities, but here refers to the visual arts, which cover the creation of images or objects in fields including painting, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media.

The term " pure " abjad refers to scripts entirely lacking in vowel indicators.

The term alp, alm, albe or alpe refers to a grazing pastures in the alpine regions below the glaciers, not the peaks.

An alp refers to a high mountain pasture where cows are taken to be grazed during the summer months and where hay barns can be found, and the term " the Alps ", referring to the mountains, is a misnomer.

The term analog signal usually refers to electrical signals ; however, mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also convey analog signals.

Some scholars favor the unhyphenated form antisemitism to avoid possible confusion involving whether the term refers specifically to Jews, or to Semitic-language speakers as a whole.

The term Rococo was derived from the French word " rocaille ", which means pebbles and refers to the stones and shells used to decorate the interiors of caves.

In modern English, " Americans " generally refers to residents of the United States, and among native speakers of English this usage is almost universal, with any other use of the term requiring specification of the subject under discussion.

The term amide refers both to classes of compounds and to the functional group ( R < sub > n </ sub > E ( O )< sub > x </ sub > NR '< sub > 2 </ sub >) within those compounds.

Alternative medicine is frequently grouped with complementary medicine or integrative medicine, which, in general, refers to the same interventions when used in conjunction with mainstream techniques, under the umbrella term complementary and alternative medicine, or CAM.

The term originally came from antibody generator and was a molecule that binds specifically to an antibody, but the term now also refers to any molecule or molecular fragment that can be bound by a major histocompatibility complex ( MHC ) and presented to a T-cell receptor.

Similar viewpoints have been expressed by Stanley Crouch in a New York Daily News piece, Charles Steele, Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and African-American columnist David Ehrenstein of the LA Times who accused white liberals of flocking to blacks who were " Magic Negros ", a term that refers to a black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream white ( as cultural protagonists / drivers ) agenda.

The term " last rites " refers to administration to a dying person not only of this sacrament but also of Penance and Holy Communion, the last of which, when administered in such circumstances, is known as " Viaticum ", a word whose original meaning in Latin was " provision for the journey ".

: Science of the mind, or cultural or spiritual science ), a term generally used in German to refer to the humanities and social sciences ; in fact, the term " science " is used more broadly in Europe as a general term that refers to any exact knowledge.

The term ahimsa appears in the text Taittiriya Shakha of the Yajurveda ( TS 5. 2. 8. 7 ), where it refers to non-injury to the sacrificer himself.

The term Transonic refers to a range of velocities just below and above the local speed of sound ( generally taken as Mach 0. 8 – 1. 2 ).

The only other one I shall mention here is his use of the term capitalism.

This is not, however, the case, and development is a term which we can apply to Hardy only in a very limited sense.

or `` Carmine Theater, 1912 '', the only canvas with an ash can ( and foraging dog ), although Sloan was a member of the famous `` Eight '', and of the so-called `` Ash-Can School '', a term he resented.

Realizing Clay was unlikely to win the presidency, Lincoln, who had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House, supported General Zachary Taylor for the Whig nomination in the 1848 presidential election.

For biologists, this includes human beings, although for the general public the term " animal " means only non-human animals.

The term " allocution " is generally only in use in jurisdictions in the United States, though there are vaguely similar processes in other common law countries.

The precise reference of this term has varied over time, perhaps originally referring only to the Ionian colonies along the coast.

In the Roman Catholic Church, abbots continue to be elected by the monks of an abbey to lead them as their religious superior in those orders and monasteries that make use of the term ( some orders of monks, as the Carthusians for instance, have no abbots, only priors ).

For example, the term is used to describe systems such as verlan and louchébem, which retain French syntax and apply transformations only to individual words ( and often only to a certain subset of words, such as nouns, or semantic content words ).

But no attempt to identify the figures on existing gems with the personages of Gnostic mythology has had any success, and Abrasax is the only Gnostic term found in the accompanying legends which is not known to belong to other religions or mythologies.

The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds.

However, the term came into wide use only after the publication of a review article by O. Jacobsen in the chemical dictionary of Albert Ladenburg in the 1880s.

In retrospect the name change was unfortunate, not only because the Greek roots alone do not reveal the anode's function any more, but more importantly because, as we now know, the Earth's magnetic field direction on which the " anode " term is based is subject to reversals whereas the current direction convention on which the " eisode " term was based has no reason to change in the future.

S. A. Hamed Hosseini ( an Australian sociologist and expert in global social movement studies ), argues that the term anti-globalization can be ideal-typically used only to refer to only one ideological vision he detects alongside three other visions ( the anti-globalist, the alter-globalist and the alter-globalization ).

While the term " anti-globalization " arose from the movement's opposition to free-trade agreements ( which have often been considered part of something called " globalization "), various participants contend they are opposed to only certain aspects of globalization and instead describe themselves, at least in French-speaking organisations, as " anti-capitalist ", " anti-plutocracy ," or " anti-corporate.

In law, the term abeyance can only be applied to such future estates as have not yet vested or possibly may not vest.

From a strictly aerodynamic point of view, the term should refer only to those side-effects arising as a result of the changes in airflow from an incompressible fluid ( similar in effect to water ) to a compressible fluid ( acting as a gas ) as the speed of sound is approached.

Spanish advocates predicated the term adoptivus of Christ only in respect to his humanity ; once the divine Son " emptied himself " of divinity and " took the form of a servant " ( Philippians 2: 7 ), Christ's human nature was " adopted " as divine.

Though the origin is ambiguous, the draughtsman of the charter issued by Æthelstan used the term in a way that can only mean ' wide ruler '.

The term is often incorrectly used to refer to the whole of Indian cinema ; it is only a part of the total Indian film industry, which includes other production centres producing films in regional languages.