These balls are moving in great circles and ellipses, and are of course, the electrons, the particles of negative electricity which by their action create the forces that tie this atom of calcium to the neighboring atoms of oxygen and make up the solid structure of my finger bone.

These were discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1932 and named positrons ( a contraction of " positive electrons ").

These he interpreted as " negative-energy electrons " and attempted to identify them with protons in his 1930 paper A Theory of Electrons and Protons However, these " negative-energy electrons " turned out to be positrons, and not protons.

These electrons cause the nuclei to be attracted to each other, and this attraction results in the bond.

These newly added electrons potentially occupy a lower energy-state ( effectively closer to more nuclear charge ) than they experience in a different atom.

These electrons are bound to the metal lattice but no longer to an individual atom.

These perturbations result in different arrangement of electrons in the excited state of the involved molecules and therefore in different effects.

These layers of fixed positive and negative charges, collectively known as the depletion layer because they are depleted of free electrons and holes.

These freed electrons and ions are in turn accelerated and strike other atoms, creating more charge carriers, in a chain reaction.

These two properties are not contradictory, because in the optimal geometrical arrangement, there is more magnetic moment from the sublattice of electrons that point in one direction, than from the sublattice that points in the opposite direction.

These numerical co-incidences refer to such quantities as the ratio of the age of the universe to the atomic unit of time, the number of electrons in the universe, and the difference in strengths between gravity and the electric force for the electron and proton.

These are accelerated by an electrostatic field where they strike a phosphor coated screen, converting the electrons back into photons.

These electrons are then used in the reactions that turn carbon dioxide into organic compounds.

These electrons are shuttled through an electron transport chain, the so-called Z-scheme shown in the diagram, that initially functions to generate a chemiosmotic potential across the membrane.

These weakly bound electrons can move about in the crystal lattice relatively freely and can facilitate conduction in the presence of an electric field.

These include photon scanning microscopy ( PSTM ), which uses an optical tip to tunnel photons ; scanning tunneling potentiometry ( STP ), which measures electric potential across a surface ; spin polarized scanning tunneling microscopy ( SPSTM ), which uses a ferromagnetic tip to tunnel spin-polarized electrons into a magnetic sample, and atomic force microscopy ( AFM ), in which the force caused by interaction between the tip and sample is measured.

These excited electrons can tunnel across the barrier.

These electrodes are referred to as grids as they are not solid electrodes but sparse elements through which electrons can pass on their way to the plate.

These angled plates ( not to be confused with the anode ) focus the electron stream onto certain spots on the anode which can withstand the heat generated by the impact of massive numbers of electrons, while also providing pentode behavior.

These electrons are then directed into an electron multiplier for analysis.

These secondary peaks, not to be confused with high energy satellites which are discussed later, arise from the presence of the same element in multiple different chemical states on a surface ( i. e. Adsorbate layers ) or from relaxation transitions involving valence band electrons of the substrate.

These atoms can also turn into ions and electrons if they reach a certain temperature.

These electrons can be provided from a hot cathode filament and when accelerated in the electrical field of the cathode, fall to the anode ( Kaufman type ion thruster ).

These changes can be represented in formulas by inserting appropriate electrons into each half-reaction:

These seem about the only two ways in which the `` unhappy incident '' can now be closed.

These engines can be removed from a boat with relative ease, wherein lies their greatest advantage.

These can also move a short distance but at right angles to the tappets.

These are beginnings, but correctly learned they prepare for satisfying and exciting stunts that can be performed by a strong, flexible body ( we are not talking of eccentric extremes ).

These frequencies are amplified and detected by the FM receiver after each burst of transmitted energy and, after the `` pill '' has been calibrated, precise internal pressure indications can be obtained.

These factors can make the difference between waste and efficiency in any benefit program.

These experiments can be considered exploratory only.

These societies can expect to face difficult times.

These records, when systematically maintained, provide much information about the children, which the teacher can use in guidance, instruction, grouping, and reporting to parents.

These can be referred to as operational intelligence and environmental intelligence.

These theoretical relationships are more clearly illustrated in Fig. 7 and their sum can be seen to correlate in form with practical measurements made with the Hesiometer as illustrated in the first portion of Fig. 5 for the cutting mechanism.

These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological.

These are not used in amoeboid movement, but are stiff skeletons on which organelles are supported or can move on.

These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system itself, as when Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Turkish alphabet of Latin origin.

These finishes protect the adobe wall from water damage, but need to be reapplied periodically, or the walls can be finished with other nontraditional plasters providing longer protection.

These deficits can vary depending on which cerebellar structures have been damaged, and whether the lesion is bilateral or unilateral.

These include all quadratic surds, all rational numbers, and all numbers that can be formed from these using the basic arithmetic operations and the extraction of square roots.

These frequencies can be used to study geological phenomena such as earthquakes.

These are naturally in a ground state but can be excited

These constructions can convey shape, size, motion, location, movement, stative-descriptive, and / or handling information.

These particles continue to decay, emitting alpha particles which can damage cells in the lung tissue.

These conditions can be used to handle unusual situations.

These antigens can sometimes be presented by tumor cells and never by the normal ones.

These can be as simple as a searchlight for a police helicopter or as complicated as the tactical system for an airborne early warning platform.