Baryons are strongly interacting fermions — that is, they experience the strong nuclear force and are described by Fermi − Dirac statistics, which apply to all particles obeying the Pauli exclusion principle.

They were partly correct: a white dwarf slightly more massive than the Chandrasekhar limit will collapse into a neutron star, which is itself stable because of the Pauli exclusion principle.

Electron degeneracy pressure is a quantum-mechanical effect arising from the Pauli exclusion principle.

In particle physics, a fermion ( a name coined by Paul Dirac from the surname of Enrico Fermi ) is any particle characterized by Fermi – Dirac statistics and following the Pauli exclusion principle ; fermions include all quarks and leptons, as well as any composite particle made of an odd number of these, such as all baryons and many atoms and nuclei.

The property of ferromagnetism is due to the direct influence of two effects from quantum mechanics: spin and the Pauli exclusion principle.

The exchange interaction is related to the Pauli exclusion principle, which says that two electrons with the same spin cannot also have the same " position ".

This is known as the Pauli exclusion principle, and it is the fundamental reason behind the chemical properties of atoms and the stability of matter.

This is known as the Pauli Exclusion Principle, and is responsible for much of chemistry, since the electrons in an atom ( fermions ) successively fill the many states within shells rather than all lying in the same lowest energy state.

This is due, to some extent, to electrons combining into pairs with opposite intrinsic magnetic moments as a result of the Pauli exclusion principle ( see electron configuration ), or combining into filled subshells with zero net orbital motion.

While paired electrons are required by the Pauli exclusion principle to have their intrinsic (' spin ') magnetic moments pointing in opposite directions, causing their magnetic fields to cancel out, an unpaired electron is free to align its magnetic moment in any direction.

The equilibrium between electromagnetic forces and Pauli repulsion of electrons ( they are fermions obeying Fermi statistics ) is slightly violated resulting in a small returning force.

The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle that no two identical fermions ( particles with half-integer spin ) may occupy the same quantum state simultaneously.

He found an essential clue in a 1924 paper by Edmund C. Stoner which pointed out that for a given value of the principal quantum number ( n ), the number of energy levels of a single electron in the alkali metal spectra in an external magnetic field, where all degenerate energy levels are separated, is equal to the number of electrons in the closed shell of the noble gases for the same value of n. This led Pauli to realize that the complicated numbers of electrons in closed shells can be reduced to the simple rule of one per state, if the electron states are defined using four quantum numbers.

The Pauli exclusion principle with a single-valued many-particle wavefunction is equivalent to requiring the wavefunction to be antisymmetric.

This implies that, which is Pauli exclusion.

An example is the neutral helium atom, which has two bound electrons, both of which can occupy the lowest-energy ( 1s ) states by acquiring opposite spin ; as spin is part of the quantum state of the electron, the two electrons are in different quantum states and do not violate the Pauli principle.

However, stability of large systems with many electrons and many nuclei is a different matter, and requires the Pauli exclusion principle.

It has been shown that the Pauli exclusion principle is responsible for the fact that ordinary bulk matter is stable and occupies volume.

The consequence of the Pauli principle here is that electrons of the same spin are kept apart by a repulsive exchange interaction, which is a short-range effect, acting simultaneously with the long-range electrostatic or coulombic force.

The fundamental difficulty of which the Selden case was `` a striking ( though not singular ) example '', concluded Hough, `` will remain as long as testimony is taken without any authoritative judicial officer present, and responsible for the maintenance of discipline, and the reception or exclusion of testimony ''.

Distinctions in vocabulary persist, for example, in culinary terms, where communication with Germans is frequently difficult, and administrative and legal language, which is due to Austria's exclusion from the development of a German nation-state in the late 19th century and its manifold particular traditions.

A review of the methods used in trials of antipsychotics, despite stating that the overall quality is " rather good ," reported issues with the selection of participants ( including that in schizophrenia trials up to 90 % of people who are generally suitable do not meet the elaborate inclusion and exclusion criteria, and that negative symptoms have not been properly assessed despite companies marketing the newer antipsychotics for these ); issues with the design of trials ( including pharmaceutical company funding of most of them, and inadequate experimental " blinding " so that trial participants could sometimes tell whether they were on placebo or not ); and issues with the assessment of outcomes ( including the use of a minimal reduction in scores to show " response ," lack of assessment of quality of life or recovery, a high rate of discontinuation, selective highlighting of favorable results in the abstracts of publications, and poor reporting of side-effects ).

This is in contrast to the bosons, which do not obey the exclusion principle.

The primary cell wall of most plant cells is semi-permeable and permits the passage of small molecules and small proteins, with size exclusion estimated to be 30-60 kDa.

Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, hereditary transmission of a style of life which often includes an occupation, ritual status in a hierarchy, and social exclusion based on cultural notions of purity and pollution.

Most of the Anglican Communion does not approve of homosexual activity, with the exception of the Episcopal Church, which is facing a possible exclusion from international Anglican bodies over the issue.

Consequently, the traditional usage of the terms is based on the orbit ’ s semi-major axis, and includes objects situated between the 2: 3 and 1: 2 resonances, that is between 39. 4 and 47. 8 AU ( with exclusion of these resonances and the minor ones in-between ).

Many ecclesias in the " Central " grouping would not refuse a baptised Christadelphian from a minority " fellowship " from breaking bread ; the exclusion is more usually the other way.

The exclusion of large parts of the population from the citizen body is closely related to the ancient understanding of citizenship.

The consensus, however, in position statements from the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association and other institutions in many other countries, is that the research and clinical literature demonstrate that homosexuality is a normal and positive variation of human sexuality, and that any social exclusion or difficulties with homosexuality are a problem of society.

In addition, the exclusion of any mention of the letter of Acts 15 is seen to indicate that such a letter did not yet exist, since Paul would have been likely to use it against the legalism confronted in Galatians.

Many countries of the world can be divided into distinct geographic regions, in each of which some physical characteristic is dominant, almost to the exclusion of others.

Hence, it is not the electromagnetic repulsion between electrons and nuclei that is responsible for two wood blocks that are left on top of each other not coalescing into a single piece, but rather it is the exclusion principle applied to electrons and protons that generates the classical macroscopic normal force.

Hayek claimed that " the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process.

It became the sole `` subject '' of `` international law '' ( a term which, it is pertinent to remember, was coined by Bentham ), a body of legal principle which by and large was made up of what Western nations could do in the world arena.

For better or for worse, we all now live in welfare states, the organizing principle of which is collective responsibility for individual well-being.

Whether a concept analogous to the principle of internal responsibility operates in a nation's external relations is less obvious and more difficult to establish.

) The concept of nationalism is the political principle that epitomizes and glorifies the territorial state as the characteristic type of socal structure.

Complementing the political principle of nationalism is the legal principle of sovereignty.

As Lipton puts it: `` The Eros is felt in the magic circle of marijuana with far greater force, as a unifying principle in human relationships, than at any other time except, perhaps, in the mutual metaphysical orgasms.

But Aristotle kept the principle of levels and even augmented it by describing in the Poetics what kinds of character and action must be imitated if the play is to be a vehicle of serious and important human truths.

So far as the existing body of formal principle and procedure is concerned, categorical novelties are not to be anticipated in Jewish-Gentile relationships ; ;

In conformance with the maximization principle we affirm that Gentile-Jewish relations will be harmonious or inharmonious to the degree that one relation or the other is expected by the active participants to yield the greatest net advantage, taking all value outcomes and effects into consideration.

Like ours, the economy of the space merchants must constantly expand in order to survive, and, like ours, it is based on the principle of `` ever increasing everybody's work and profits in the circle of consumption ''.

The principle is commendable but we suspect that in the practice somebody is going to get gulled.

In the United Nations Charter, the right of self-determination is also an essential principle.

Nonetheless, although few in number they are a stubborn crew, as tenacious of life as the Hardshell Baptists, which suggests that there is some kind of vital principle embodied in their faith.

What we will be sacrificing in any such arrangement will be our power to be selective which is contained in the reciprocal trade principle under which we now operate.

A second fundamental principle is that involved particularly in the present proceeding -- the difference between nighttime and daytime propagation conditions with respect to the standard broadcast frequencies.

In following this general principle, Mason provides the observer with a natural eye progression from foreground to background, and the illusion of depth is instantly created.

The principle of `` bills only '', or `` bills preferably '', seems so strongly accepted by the Federal Reserve that it is difficult to envision conditions which would persuade the authorities to depart radically from it by extending their open market purchases regularly into long-term Government securities.

In fact, some -- Anzilotti is the principle example -- went so far as to say that all international law could be traced to the single legal norm, Pacta sunt Servanda.

Obviously, the goal here proposed is the guiding principle in Mr. Justice Frankfurter's opinions -- to the extent that Congress leaves the problem to judicial discretion.

Mr. Justice Black no doubt concurs in principle but is more apt to make exceptions to achieve a generous and `` just '' result.

It is an accepted juridical principle in California that a Superior Court decision does not constitute a binding legal precedent.

Logically, then, the first principle of the plan must be that it is not rigidly oriented toward any geographical area.

Therefore the second principle of the plan must be that, while providing for all-out hostilities, its effectiveness is not dependent on general war.