He did well in science, philosophy and rhetoric courses but fared poorly in Latin and Greek.

Hume's arguments were only accepted gradually by the reading public, and his philosophical works sold poorly until agnostics like T H Huxley championed Hume's philosophy in the 19th century.

The following year, he started to teach at the university initially as extraordinary professor, a poorly paid position, then in 1797 as the professor of philosophy.

While the greatest players of the time, among them Alekhine, Emanuel Lasker and Capablanca, clearly did not allow their play to be hobbled by blind adherence to general concepts that the center had to be controlled by pawns, that development had to happen in support of this control, that rooks always belong on open files, that wing openings were unsound — core ideas of Tarrasch's chess philosophy as popularly understood — beginners were taught to think of these generalizations as unalterable principles.

Friedrich Nietzsche, although himself dismissive of Buddhism as yet another nihilism, developed his philosophy of accepting life-as-it-exists and self-cultivation, which is extremely similar to Buddhism as better understood in the West.

The Buddha's teaching regarding the four elements is to be understood as the base of all observation of real sensations rather than as a philosophy.

In what he called " first philosophy " or metaphysics, Aristotle did intend a theological correspondence between the prime mover and deity ( presumably Zeus ); functionally, however, he provided an explanation for the apparent motion of the " fixed stars " ( now understood as the daily rotation of the Earth ).

As a result, according to philosopher Steven Crowell, defining existentialism has been relatively difficult, and he argues that it is better understood as a general approach used to reject certain systematic philosophies rather than as a systematic philosophy in itself.

Karma in Jainism conveys a totally different meaning than commonly understood in the Hindu philosophy and western civilization.

In Jainism, " karma " conveys a totally different meaning from that commonly understood in Hindu philosophy and western civilization.

According to the Hindu philosophy the essence of God or Brahman can never be understood or known since Brahman is beyond both existence and non-existence, transcending and including time, causation and space, and thus can never be known in the same material sense as one traditionally ' understands ' a given concept or object.

Political philosophy can also be understood by analysing it through the perspectives of metaphysics, epistemology and axiology.

The most influential and dominant school of Indian philosophy, Advaita Vedanta, rejects theism and dualism by insisting that “ Brahman reality is without parts or attributes … one without a second .” Since, Brahman has no properties, contains no internal diversity and is identical with the whole reality it cannot be understood as God.

The history of the social sciences begins in the Age of Enlightenment after 1650, which saw a revolution within natural philosophy, changing the basic framework by which individuals understood what was " scientific ".

In philosophy, a sexist attitude is one which suggests human beings can be understood or judged on the basis of the essential characteristics of the group to which an individual belongs — in this case as either men or women.

In philosophy, emergence is often understood to be a much stronger claim about the etiology of a system's properties.

Possibly the clearest definition for this philosophy was offered by gay / lesbian rights advocate Diana Fuss, who wrote: " Essentialism is most commonly understood as a belief in the real, true essence of things, the invariable and fixed properties which define the ' whatness ' of a given entity ".

While Husserl thought of philosophy as a scientific discipline that had to be founded on a phenomenology understood as epistemology, Heidegger held a radically different view.

Varela was a proponent of the embodied philosophy which argues that human cognition and consciousness can only be understood in terms of the enactive structures in which they arise, namely the body ( understood both as a biological system and as personally, phenomenologically experienced ) and the physical world with which the body interacts.

Certain Christian theologians have also criticized a tendency to " historicize " and " dogmatize " certain political or secular events such as the Shoah which are not part of theology as traditionally understood, that is, theology as a hermeneutic of the deposit of faith and of divine revelation, and not theology as sociology, philosophy, history or politics.

Spurred by his background in the philosophy of language, Berlin argued for a nuanced and subtle understanding of our political terminology, where what was superficially understood as a single concept could mask a plurality of different uses and therefore meanings.

He attempted to explain and provide solutions for the problems faced by Muslim societies through traditional Islamic principles interwoven with and understood from the point of view of modern sociology and philosophy.

Islamic philosophy, understood as a " project of independent philosophical inquiry " began in Baghdad in the middle of the eighth century.

Mysticism is generally understood as an alternative to philosophy, not a variant of philosophy.

The Tute Bianche philosophy was based on a specific reading of Italian political / social history, including the idea that the traditional protest tactic of marching and " bearing witness " to power had outlived its usefulness, and a more confrontational, militant form of non-violent protest was required to not only re-invigorate the anti-globalization movement, but redefine how street resistance is understood.

Here we may observe that at least one modern philosophy of history is built on the assumption that ideas are the primary objectives of the historian's research.

A professor at the University of Constantinople, where his first course of lectures was on Nietzsche and the `` philosophy of action '', Vincent Berger becomes head of the propaganda department of the German Embassy in Turkey.

By clarifying fundamental premises in the social sciences, and defining the logical problems emergent at the borderlands of each new scientific discipline, philosophy can offer the sort of distinction that can accelerate growth in human understanding.

In this one sentence, he unwittingly revealed the basic philosophy of the nutrition and psychological programs in operation at the school.

a review of the philosophy of Communist leaders by Ted Slack, another real estate agent who became interested as a philosophy major at the University of Miami ; ;

The most important French social theorist since Foucault and Lévi-Strauss is Pierre Bourdieu, who trained formally in philosophy and sociology and eventually held the Chair of Sociology at the Collège de France.

As well as holding positions at this school until 1828, in 1819 and 1820 Ampère offered courses in philosophy and astronomy, respectively, at the University of Paris, and in 1824 he was elected to the prestigious chair in experimental physics at the Collège de France.

He taught philosophy and theology at the University of Paris and enjoyed a great reputation as a subtle dialectician ; his lectures developing the philosophy of Aristotle attracted a large circle of hearers.

According to Porphyry, in 232, at the age of 28, Plotinus went to Alexandria to study philosophy:

He is immediately at a loss, and knows not what to answer ... a Pyrrhonian cannot expect, that his philosophy will have any constant influence on the mind: or if it had, that its influence would be beneficial to society.

In the " imperative " view, which is closer to the philosophy of imperative programming languages, an abstract data structure is conceived as an entity that is mutable — meaning that it may be in different states at different times.

Ben Adret, with the approval of other prominent Spanish rabbis, sent a letter to the community at Montpellier proposing to forbid the study of philosophy to those who were less than twenty-five years of age, and, in spite of keen opposition from the liberal section, a decree in this sense was issued by Ben Adret in 1305.

He taught medicine and philosophy at Cairo and at Damascus for a number of years, and afterwards, for a shorter period, at Aleppo.

He spent ten months lecturing on Jewish philosophy and Torah at Warsaw's Institute for Jewish Studies.

Where being, the noun, is readily accessible to experience and classifiable, being, the participle, is not :" In short ... philosophy may perhaps be able to tell us everything about that which reality is, but nothing at all concerning this not unimportant detail: the actual existence, or non-existence, of what we call reality ....

In short, their philosophy was not too different from that which they had at the end of World War I.

Although much of Chinese philosophy begins in the Warring States period, elements of Chinese philosophy have existed for several thousand years ; some can be found in the Yi Jing ( the Book of Changes ), an ancient compendium of divination, which dates back to at least 672 BCE.

There have been attempts to incorporate democracy, republicanism, and industrialism into Chinese philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen ( Sūn yì xiān, in one Mandarin form of the name ) at the beginning of the 20th century.