Under the Ottomans, Bethlehem's inhabitants faced unemployment, compulsory military service, and heavy taxes, resulting in mass emigration, particularly to South America.

Under the Ottomans, Cairo expanded south and west from its nucleus around the Citadel.

Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis.

Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles.

Under the looming threat of Spanish military presence, England was eager to secure an alliance with the Ottomans, the two nations together having the capability to divide the power.

Under the Ottomans, the towns of Bursa and Edirne became the main centers of learning.

Under the Ottomans, the city was known officially as Kandiye ( again also applied to the whole island of Crete ) but informally in Greek as Megalo Castro ( Μεγάλο Κάστρο ; " Big Castle ").

Under Köprülü's leadership the Ottomans halted an Austrian advance into Serbia and crushed an uprising in Bulgaria until Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha was killed in the Battle of Slankamen by Austrian forces.

Under the Ottomans Urfa was a centre of trade in cotton, leather, and jewellery.

Under eastern influence, the armament of the cavalrymen was lightened and their speed and mobility increased, which added to the successes of the Polish cavalry in numerous wars against Muscovy, Ottomans and the Tartars.

Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles.

Under the Ottomans, Safed was the capital of the sanjak of Safed, which encompassed much of the Galillee and extended to the Mediterranean coast.

Under the Ottomans the island was called Sömbeki.

Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for British occupation at the close of the First World War.

Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence.

Under the Ottomans the area was known as the sanjak ( or governorate ) of Alexandretta.

Under the Ottomans the island decayed deeply.

Under the Ottomans, it was known as Baliabadra, from the Greek Παλαιά Πάτρα, as opposed to Νέα Πάτρα, the town of Ypati in Central Greece.

* Khatib, Hisham ( 2003 ) Palestine and Egypt Under the Ottomans: Paintings, Books, Photographs, Maps and Manuscripts I. B. Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-888-6

Under the Ottomans, Naupactos was known as İnebahtı and was the seat of a Turkish sanjak.

Under Köprülü's leadership the Ottomans halted an Austrian advance into Serbia and crushed an uprising in Bulgaria.

Under cover of darkness the Ottomans retreated in haste, bearing their wounded in 140 wagons.

Under the Ottomans, Palestine's Arab population mostly saw themselves as Ottoman subjects.

Under the Ottomans, Tighina was renamed Bender, while Chilia lost importance due to the construction of the Ismail fortress at the location of the Moldavian village Smil.

Under Mary's marriage treaty with Philip, the official joint style reflected not only Mary's but also Philip's dominions and claims: " Philip and Mary, by the grace of God, King and Queen of England, France, Naples, Jerusalem, and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Princes of Spain and Sicily, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Milan, Burgundy and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tyrol ".

Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control.

* The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A. D. 70 by David Roberts ( 1850 ).

Under the peace treaty, the Byzantines regained all their lost territories, their captured soldiers, a war indemnity, and of great spiritual significance, the True Cross and other relics that were lost in Jerusalem in 614.

Under the marriage agreement, if Baldwin and Adelaide had no children, the heir to the kingdom would be Roger II of Sicily, Adelaide's son by her first husband Roger I. Technically the marriage to Adelaide was bigamous because Arda was still alive in a monastery in Jerusalem, and it would later cause many problems both for Baldwin and Patriarch Arnulf, who had sanctioned it.

Under the Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarva signed in 1774, Russia had given these Danubian provinces back to Turkey ( the Ottoman Empire ) in exchange for Turkish recognition of Russia's exclusive right to " protect the Christian sites in Jerusalem and the Holy Land.

Keene won the London and British Under 18 Championships in 1964, and represented England at the 1965 and 1967 World Junior Chess Championships, held in Barcelona and Jerusalem respectively.

Under their agreement, Coloman took hostages ( including Godfrey's brother, Baldwin, who would become the first king of Jerusalem ) and he mustered his own army to guard the progress ; therefore the Crusader armies passed through the kingdom peacefully.

Under the Seleucids many Jews had become Hellenized and with their assistance tried to Hellenize Jerusalem, eventually culminating in a rebellion by Matisyahu the High Priest and his five sons: Simon, Yochanan, Eleazar, Jonathan and Judah the Maccabee.

Under Muslim rule Jerusalem did not achieve the political or cultural status enjoyed by the capitals Damascus, Baghdad, Cairo etc.

Under these agreements, the red Magen David symbol could not be used in countries other than Israel ; moreover the MDA agreed not to operate in the West Bank or in East Jerusalem.

Under this position Sharansky chaired a secret committee that approved the confiscation of East Jerusalem property of West Bank Palestinians.

Under Israel ’ s Absentee Property Law, the state may reclaim homes whose owners were not present in 1967, when Israel took control of East Jerusalem.

The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, A. D. 70, by David Roberts ( painter ) | David Roberts ( 1850 ), shows the city burning

Under his direction, the Old City was taken over and Jerusalem reunified under Israeli control.

Under the U. N. resolution Jerusalem was planned to become an international city, but the invasion of the Jordanian legion made this plan impossible.

* Jerusalem Central Railway Station ( Under construction ), In Jerusalem

* The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, 70 by David Roberts ( 1850 ).

Under the Judaean kings the citadel was periodically refortified, remodeled and rebuilt, until ultimately it was destroyed between 597 BCE and 577 BCE whilst Jerusalem was under siege by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II.