Under the Ottomans, Bethlehem's inhabitants faced unemployment, compulsory military service, and heavy taxes, resulting in mass emigration, particularly to South America.

Under the Ottomans, Cairo expanded south and west from its nucleus around the Citadel.

Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis.

Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles.

Under the looming threat of Spanish military presence, England was eager to secure an alliance with the Ottomans, the two nations together having the capability to divide the power.

Under the Ottomans, the towns of Bursa and Edirne became the main centers of learning.

Under the Ottomans, the city was known officially as Kandiye ( again also applied to the whole island of Crete ) but informally in Greek as Megalo Castro ( Μεγάλο Κάστρο ; " Big Castle ").

Under Köprülü's leadership the Ottomans halted an Austrian advance into Serbia and crushed an uprising in Bulgaria until Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha was killed in the Battle of Slankamen by Austrian forces.

Under the Ottomans Urfa was a centre of trade in cotton, leather, and jewellery.

Under eastern influence, the armament of the cavalrymen was lightened and their speed and mobility increased, which added to the successes of the Polish cavalry in numerous wars against Muscovy, Ottomans and the Tartars.

Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles.

Under the Ottomans, Safed was the capital of the sanjak of Safed, which encompassed much of the Galillee and extended to the Mediterranean coast.

Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for British occupation at the close of the First World War.

Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence.

Under the Ottomans the area was known as the sanjak ( or governorate ) of Alexandretta.

Under the Ottomans the island decayed deeply.

Under the Ottomans, it was known as Baliabadra, from the Greek Παλαιά Πάτρα, as opposed to Νέα Πάτρα, the town of Ypati in Central Greece.

* Khatib, Hisham ( 2003 ) Palestine and Egypt Under the Ottomans: Paintings, Books, Photographs, Maps and Manuscripts I. B. Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-888-6

Under the Ottomans, Naupactos was known as İnebahtı and was the seat of a Turkish sanjak.

Under Köprülü's leadership the Ottomans halted an Austrian advance into Serbia and crushed an uprising in Bulgaria.

Under cover of darkness the Ottomans retreated in haste, bearing their wounded in 140 wagons.

Under the Ottomans, Palestine's Arab population mostly saw themselves as Ottoman subjects.

Under the Ottomans, Tighina was renamed Bender, while Chilia lost importance due to the construction of the Ismail fortress at the location of the Moldavian village Smil.

Under the Ottomans Jerusalem would become a cosmopolitan city where religious tolerance to some degree functioned well and a corrupt but reasonable Ottoman administration functioned to sort out religious differences between the rival Christian churches and between the rival religions.

Under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the island was partitioned between Southern Ireland and Northern Ireland.

Under the new constitution, the function of Local Government is devolved to an Atoll Council to administer each atoll and an Island Council to administer each inhabited island.

Under a microscope it becomes clear that Nevis sand is a mixture of tiny fragments of coral, many foraminifera, and small crystals of the various mineral constituents of the volcanic rock of which the island is made.

Under the terms of the agreement, the U. S. is to retain its rights to bases on the island, but these are to be nuclear-free.

* Kitching, G. C., A Handbook of St Helena Including a short History of the island Under the Crown

Under the constitution, Nevis has considerable autonomy and has an island assembly, a premier, and a deputy governor general.

Under the terms of the agreement, the U. S. retains rights to military bases on the island, but they must be nuclear-free.

Under the latter's weak rule the island suffered considerably from the inroads of various adventurers ; hence in 1386 it placed itself under the protection of Venice, which in 1401 acquired formal sovereignty over Corfu and kept it until the French Occupation in 1797.

Under British rule the island began to enjoy a period of increased free-speech, something which allowed further development of the Greek Cypriots ' ideas of Enosis.

Under Venetian rule the island was called by its Italian name: Nasso.

Under Ottoman rule the island was known as Turkish: Nakşa.

The 2002 TV adaptation of Evil Under The Sun used the island as a filming location.

Under the Turks the island was known as Ottoman Turkish: طاشوز Taşöz.

Under Bulgarian rule the island was called Тасос.

Under Seabrook ’ s ownership, the island was used for growing cotton.

Under Ottoman rule, Kyrenia district was at first one of four, then one of six, administrative districts of the island and the town remained its administrative capital.

Under the harsh conditions of the island, his wife, Olivia, died on 26 November 1814, an event that devastated Raffles.

Under the Yuan Dynasty ( 1206 – 1368 ) the island became an independent province then in 1370 was placed under the administration of Guangdong Province by the ruling Ming Dynasty.

Under the Delian League, the Athenian-dominated naval confederacy ( 477-404 BC ), Paros paid the highest tribute of the island members: 30 talents annually, according to the estimate of Olympiodorus ( 429 BC ).

Under the terms of the agreement reached between Britain and the Ottoman Empire, the island remained an Ottoman territory.

Under cover of night he was reputed to have been brought to the Franciscan abbey in Cavan town for burial, however some local tradition still suggest that it may have been at Trinity abbey located upon an island in Lough Oughter which seems a far more plausible suggestion given the logistics of his removal.

Under the guidance of Dharmarakṣita, Atiśa remained on the island of Sumatra for twelve years studying bodhichitta and exclusive mind training techniques of oral origination.

* The movie Under the Lighthouse Dancing was filmed on the island.

Under the Americans, nearly the entire northern end of the island was occupied by the runways, almost of taxiways and the airfield area, designed to accommodate the entire 313th Bombardment Wing of B-29 Superfortress bombers.