Under the Ottomans, Bethlehem's inhabitants faced unemployment, compulsory military service, and heavy taxes, resulting in mass emigration, particularly to South America.

Under the Ottomans, Cairo expanded south and west from its nucleus around the Citadel.

Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis.

Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles.

Under the looming threat of Spanish military presence, England was eager to secure an alliance with the Ottomans, the two nations together having the capability to divide the power.

Under the Ottomans, the towns of Bursa and Edirne became the main centers of learning.

Under the Ottomans, the city was known officially as Kandiye ( again also applied to the whole island of Crete ) but informally in Greek as Megalo Castro ( Μεγάλο Κάστρο ; " Big Castle ").

Under Köprülü's leadership the Ottomans halted an Austrian advance into Serbia and crushed an uprising in Bulgaria until Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha was killed in the Battle of Slankamen by Austrian forces.

Under the Ottomans Urfa was a centre of trade in cotton, leather, and jewellery.

Under eastern influence, the armament of the cavalrymen was lightened and their speed and mobility increased, which added to the successes of the Polish cavalry in numerous wars against Muscovy, Ottomans and the Tartars.

Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles.

Under the Ottomans, Safed was the capital of the sanjak of Safed, which encompassed much of the Galillee and extended to the Mediterranean coast.

Under the Ottomans the island was called Sömbeki.

Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for British occupation at the close of the First World War.

Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence.

Under the Ottomans the island decayed deeply.

Under the Ottomans, it was known as Baliabadra, from the Greek Παλαιά Πάτρα, as opposed to Νέα Πάτρα, the town of Ypati in Central Greece.

* Khatib, Hisham ( 2003 ) Palestine and Egypt Under the Ottomans: Paintings, Books, Photographs, Maps and Manuscripts I. B. Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-888-6

Under the Ottomans, Naupactos was known as İnebahtı and was the seat of a Turkish sanjak.

Under Köprülü's leadership the Ottomans halted an Austrian advance into Serbia and crushed an uprising in Bulgaria.

Under cover of darkness the Ottomans retreated in haste, bearing their wounded in 140 wagons.

Under the Ottomans, Palestine's Arab population mostly saw themselves as Ottoman subjects.

Under the Ottomans, Tighina was renamed Bender, while Chilia lost importance due to the construction of the Ismail fortress at the location of the Moldavian village Smil.

Under the Ottomans Jerusalem would become a cosmopolitan city where religious tolerance to some degree functioned well and a corrupt but reasonable Ottoman administration functioned to sort out religious differences between the rival Christian churches and between the rival religions.

Under the North American Numbering Plan, almost all North American area codes reserve telephone numbers beginning with 958 and 959 for internal local and long distance testing ( respectively ), sometimes called plant testing.

Under the legislation that created the 26 districts of Northern Ireland, a district council whose area included an existing municipal borough could resolve to adopt the charter of the old municipality and thus continue to enjoy borough status.

Under the plan, all Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip ( and four in the West Bank ) and the joint Israeli-Palestinian Erez Industrial Zone were dismantled with the removal of all 9, 000 Israeli settlers ( most of them in the Gush Katif settlement area in the Strip's southwest ) and military bases.

Under other classical authors this sometimes included regions of Sarmatia as well as an area under Roman control on the west bank of the Rhine.

Under the charter forming the Hudson's Bay Company, the company was required to give two elk skins and two black beaver pelts to the English King, then Charles II, or his heirs, whenever the monarch visits an area that was formerly Rupert's Land.

Under the Local Government Provisional Order Confirmation Act 1976, part of the urban area of Drogheda, which lay in County Meath, was transferred to County Louth on 1 January 1977.

Under the terms of an agreed lease, the Japanese government had the right to station its troops in the area around the South Manchurian Railway, a major trade route between the two countries, in the Chinese region of Manchuria.

Under this perspective the Villa Medici in Fiesole could therefore be considered the " muse " for numerous other buildings, not only in the Florence area, which from the end of the 15th century onwards find inspiration and creative innovation here.

Under extreme pressures, PTFE powder or solids is of little value as it is soft and flows away from the area of contact.

Under the protectorate ( 1912 – 1956 ) the infrastructure was invested in heavily in order to link the cities of the Atlantic coast to the hinterland, thus creating a single economic area for Morocco.

Under each prefect were " subprefects " who helped collectively with law enforcement of the area.

Under the Health of Animals Act and Plant Protection Act, inspectors can prohibit access to an infected area, dispose or treat any infected or suspected to be infected animals or plants.

Thirdly, Under the Reservation of Separate Amenities Act in 1953, amenities in public area, like hospitals, universities and parks, were labeled separately according to particular races.

Under the Monnet Plan France attempted to gain economic control of the German industrial areas with large coal and mineral deposits that were not in Soviet hands: the Ruhr area and the Saar area.

Under the rules of the time, the Giants ' ownership of the Millers gave them priority rights to a major league team in the area.

Under World Taekwondo Federation and Olympic rules, sparring is a full-contact event and takes place between two competitors in an area measuring 8 meters square.

Under the Rotunda there is an area known as the Crypt.

* December 1 – Under the County and Borough Police Act, in any county or area of England and Wales where a police force has not already been established, the Justices of the Peace must from this date take steps to create one according to nationally defined standards.

Under the leadership of a Chief of Course, course workers erect safety systems ( usually nets ), prepare and maintain the surface of the race course, erect and maintain other equipment such as a start tent, a finish area and the gates through which competitors must pass, and remove any fresh snow that may fall during the event.

Under a new Duke, Bavaria would remain a remote area of the Empire.

Another warren is Tycho Under, whose location is clearly in the area of the crater Tycho.

Under the Local Government Act 1972, the Municipal Borough of Bacup was abolished, and since 1 April 1974 Bacup has formed an unparished area of Rossendale, a local government district of the non-metropolitan county of Lancashire.

Under the most recent change, in 1998, and with the addition of the Borough of Gillingham, the Borough of Medway became a unitary authority area, administratively separate from Kent.

Under the Köppen climate classification, much of the area within the geographical tropics is classed not as " tropical " but as " dry " ( arid or semi-arid ) including the Sahara Desert, the Atacama Desert and Australian Outback.