Under the Ottomans, Bethlehem's inhabitants faced unemployment, compulsory military service, and heavy taxes, resulting in mass emigration, particularly to South America.

Under the Ottomans, Cairo expanded south and west from its nucleus around the Citadel.

Under the Ottomans, the Maghreb was divided into three provinces, Algiers, Tripoli and Tunis.

Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles.

Under the looming threat of Spanish military presence, England was eager to secure an alliance with the Ottomans, the two nations together having the capability to divide the power.

Under the Ottomans, the towns of Bursa and Edirne became the main centers of learning.

Under Köprülü's leadership the Ottomans halted an Austrian advance into Serbia and crushed an uprising in Bulgaria until Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha was killed in the Battle of Slankamen by Austrian forces.

Under the Ottomans Urfa was a centre of trade in cotton, leather, and jewellery.

Under eastern influence, the armament of the cavalrymen was lightened and their speed and mobility increased, which added to the successes of the Polish cavalry in numerous wars against Muscovy, Ottomans and the Tartars.

Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles.

Under the Ottomans, Safed was the capital of the sanjak of Safed, which encompassed much of the Galillee and extended to the Mediterranean coast.

Under the Ottomans the island was called Sömbeki.

Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for British occupation at the close of the First World War.

Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for the forthcoming British military presence.

Under the Ottomans the area was known as the sanjak ( or governorate ) of Alexandretta.

Under the Ottomans the island decayed deeply.

Under the Ottomans, it was known as Baliabadra, from the Greek Παλαιά Πάτρα, as opposed to Νέα Πάτρα, the town of Ypati in Central Greece.

* Khatib, Hisham ( 2003 ) Palestine and Egypt Under the Ottomans: Paintings, Books, Photographs, Maps and Manuscripts I. B. Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-888-6

Under the Ottomans, Naupactos was known as İnebahtı and was the seat of a Turkish sanjak.

Under Köprülü's leadership the Ottomans halted an Austrian advance into Serbia and crushed an uprising in Bulgaria.

Under cover of darkness the Ottomans retreated in haste, bearing their wounded in 140 wagons.

Under the Ottomans, Palestine's Arab population mostly saw themselves as Ottoman subjects.

Under the Ottomans, Tighina was renamed Bender, while Chilia lost importance due to the construction of the Ismail fortress at the location of the Moldavian village Smil.

Under the Ottomans Jerusalem would become a cosmopolitan city where religious tolerance to some degree functioned well and a corrupt but reasonable Ottoman administration functioned to sort out religious differences between the rival Christian churches and between the rival religions.

Under Augustus the office lost much of its importance, its judicial functions and the care of the games being transferred to the praetor, while its city responsibilities were limited by the appointment of a praefectus urbi.

Under the command of General Georgi Vazov the Bulgarians, reinforced with two Serb divisions, conquered the " untakable " city.

Under the 1989 agreement between the BPCA and the City of New York, $ 600 million was transferred by the BPCA to the city.

Under British indirect rule, separate European ( e. g. Oyster Bay ) and African ( e. g. Kariakoo and Ilala ) areas developed at a distance from the city centre.

Under his rule ( which was moderate and skillful ), Sforza modernised the city and duchy.

Following the original roots of modern graffiti as a political force came another game title, Marc Eckō's Getting Up: Contents Under Pressure ( 2006 ), featuring a story line involving fighting against a corrupt city and its oppression of free speech, as in the Jet Set Radio series.

Under his command, they besieged Cologne and, after some weeks, the defenders of the city opened the gates and handed Saloninus and Silvanus to Postumus who had them killed.

Under these circumstances, during much of the Siege of Leningrad ( 1941 – 1944 ), Lake Ladoga provided the only access to the besieged city because a section of the eastern shore remained in Soviet hands.

Under Ottoman rule, the city was known as Yeni-şehir i-Fenari, " new citadel ".

Under Saudi rule, much of the historic city has been demolished as a result of construction programs-see below.

Under Farrakhan's leadership, the Nation of Islam established a clinic for AIDS patients in Washington, D. C., and helped to force drug dealers out of public housing projects and private apartment buildings in the city.

Under the pretext of pursuing fugitive Polish revolutionaries, Russian troops entered Balta an Ottoman-controlled city on the border of Bessarabia and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground.

Under his guidance, Paris became the first city of teachers the medieval world had known.

Under the rule of this prelate, the townspeople rebelled, headed by the local council, beginning a secular tradition of confrontation of the people of the city — who fought for self-government — with the local bishop, the secular and jurisdictional lord of the city and of its fief, the semi-independent Terra de Santiago (' Land of Saint James ').

Under any circumstance, during the end of the 13th century, Stockholm quickly grew to become not only the largest city in Sweden, but also the de facto Swedish political centre and royal residence.

Under the terms of surrender, the occupants of the city would be forced into slavery, and have their right eyes removed as a sign of this.

Under the Kingdom of Bulgaria ( 1941 – 1944 ), the city was called Skopie ( Скопие ).

Under Mayor Heinrich Stroband ( 1586 – 1609 ), the city became centralized.

Under this plan, a small, elected council makes the city ordinances and sets policy, but hires a paid administrator, also called a city manager, to carry out its decisions.

Under Stalin, the city became a center of heavy industry and transshipment by rail and river, and as a result was attacked by Axis forces during World War II.

Under Polish rule, the city saw a period of fast development.

Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city.

** Under the District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801, Washington, D. C., a new planned city and capital of the United States, was placed under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Congress.