Western alchemy is recognized as a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine.

The development of antibacterial-resistant bacteria has sparked renewed interest in phage therapy in Western medicine.

The bulk of the Britannica is devoted to geography ( 26 % of the Macropædia ), biography ( 14 %), biology and medicine ( 11 %), literature ( 7 %), physics and astronomy ( 6 %), religion ( 5 %), art ( 4 %), Western philosophy ( 4 %), and law ( 3 %).

Greek medicine was part of Greek culture, and Syrian Eastern Christians came in contact with it while the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantium ) ruled Syria and Western Mesopotamia, regions that were conquered from Byzantium in the 7th century by Arab Muslims.

He is referred to as the father of Western medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine.

After the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the onset of the Early Middle Ages, the Greek tradition of medicine went into decline in Western Europe, although it continued uninterrupted in the Eastern Roman ( Byzantine ) Empire.

The use of Paracelsus ' laudanum was introduced to Western medicine in 1527, when Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim, better known by the name Paracelsus, returned from his wanderings in Arabia with a famous sword, within the pommel of which he kept " Stones of Immortality " compounded from opium thebaicum, citrus juice, and " quintessence of gold.

During his lifetime, Paracelsus was viewed as an adventurer who challenged the theories and mercenary motives of contemporary medicine with dangerous chemical therapies, but his therapies marked a turning point in Western medicine.

Within Western culture and over recent centuries, conventional Western medicine has become increasingly based on scientific reductionism and materialism.

Within conventional Western medicine, most physicians still pay heed to their ancient traditions:

He was the first European to teach Western medicine in Japan.

In contrast to much of medical anthropology, it does not generally take a critical approach to biomedicine and Western medicine.

Hippocrates, the " father of Western medicine ", wrote that silver had beneficial healing and antidisease properties, and the Phoenicians stored water, wine, and vinegar in silver bottles to prevent spoiling.

Many cloth shops located on Wing On Street, also known as Cloth Alley, were moved to the Western Market while Eu Yan Sang, a traditional Chinese medicine shop, was moved near the Stag Building to continue business.

" By the fifteenth century at the latest, surgery had split away from physic as its own subject, of a lesser status than pure medicine, and initially took the form of a craft tradition until Rogerius Salernitanus composed his Chirurgia, laying the foundation for modern Western surgical manuals up to the modern time.

Western medicine is in fact taking a more holistic approach today, with the psychosocial biomedical model of disease.

According to Szasz, “ the therapeutic state swallows up everything human on the seemingly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of health and medicine, just as the theological state had swallowed up everything human on the perfectly rational ground that nothing falls outside the province of God and religion .” Faced with the problem of “ madness ,” Western individualism proved to be ill prepared to defend the rights of the individual: modern man has no more right to be a madman than medieval man had a right to be a heretic because if once people agree that they have identified the one true God, or Good, it brings about that they have to guard members and nonmembers of the group from the temptation to worship false gods or goods.

Derek Parfit was born in Chengdu, China to Norman and Jessie Parfit ( née Browne ), both medical doctors who had moved to Western China in order to teach preventive medicine in missionary hospitals.

In Western medicine preparations of aconite were used until just after the middle of the 20th century, but it is no longer employed as it has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs and treatments.

These methods are widely accepted in many parts of the Andes, where Western medicine is either unavailable or distrusted.

His " Cœliac Affection " ( coeliac from Greek κοιλιακός koiliakos, " abdominal ") gained the attention of Western medicine when Francis Adams presented a translation of Aretaeus's work at the Sydenham Society in 1856.

It also seeks membership in the OECD and other Western organizations.

On the Chinese side, the character of Dr. X represents the open-source model of technology and software, and as such he seeks to develop the seed technology that would end the reliance of China on the Western feed lines.

The theme of the victory of the protagonists in yaoi has been compared favourably to Western fairy tales, as the latter intends to enforce the status quo, but yaoi is " about desire " and seeks " to explore, not circumscribe, possibilities.

Even though Christian philosophy, Writing, and other fundamentals of European culture have been significantly influenced from Asia Minor and the Near East, a eurocentric worldview often seeks to show the superiority of Western customs to analogous developments in other, often earlier cultures.

Portraying Western culture as a struggle between masculine, phallic, sky-religion on the one hand, and feminine, chthonic, earth-religion on the other, Paglia seeks to show that Christianity did not destroy paganism, but rather drove it into the underground of Western culture, to later emerge in Renaissance art, Romanticism, and contemporary popular culture, especially Hollywood.

* White separatism in the United States and Western Europe seeks separation and survival of the white race and limits to immigration by non-whites.

Conspiracy theorists of the Christian right, starting with British revisionist historian Nesta Helen Webster, believe there is an ancient occult conspiracy — started by the first mystagogues of Gnosticism and perpetuated by their alleged esoteric successors, such as the Kabbalists, Cathars, Knights Templar, Hermeticists, Rosicrucians, Freemasons, and, ultimately, the Illuminati — which seeks to subvert the Judeo-Christian foundations of the Western world and implement the New World Order through a one-world religion that prepares the masses to embrace the imperial cult of the Antichrist.

The Scandinaviant AT school of thought seeks to integrate and develop concepts from Vygotsky's Cultural-Historical Psychology and Leont ' ev's activity theory with Western intellectual developments such as Cognitive Science, American Pragmatism, Constructivism, and Actor-Network Theory.

St. Mary's College is host to the Catholic Integrated Core Curriculum, a set of courses taken in lieu of general education courses that seeks to integrate Faith and Reason as outlined in Pope John Paul II's encycilical Fides et Ratio, specifically through the study of philosophy, theology, and the great works of Western Civilization ( literature, sculpture, etc.

The Western concept of homosexuality seeks to break this distinction between third gender and men, and to isolate sexuality between men along with the third genders, with all its negative consequences.

It considers that the Turkish government is under the control of Western imperialism and seeks to destroy this control by violent and democratic means.

However, regarding the main RGMs in the West, according to this conceptual construct that seeks to amass and interpret in embracive yet empirical terms, there are only four such dominant RGMs over time in the Western tradition that set the tone for all minorities seeking to maintain their distinctive RGM in the surrounding context.

Originally built from the cadre of Saudi-funded Arab fighters who flocked to join the Mujahideen resistance movement against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, it seeks to establish, via military tactics, an Islamic ideology to supplant both current regimes in the Middle East and eventually Western society as a whole.

MacIntyre seeks to find an alternative to Nietzsche's philosophy and eventually concludes that only classic Aristotelian thought can hope to save Western humanity.

The book also contains a lengthy critique of Edward Said's Orientalism which Ahmad argues reproduces the very Liberal Humanist tradition that it seeks to undermine in its selection of Western canonized texts that are critiqued for their Orientalism, as this upholds the idea that Western culture is represented in its entirety through those very texts.

AKF seeks to provide long-term solutions to problems of poverty, hunger, illiteracy and ill health in the poorest parts of South and Central Asia, Eastern and Western Africa, and the Middle East.

At Yalta he thought more about the six million Germans who would have to leave, trying to find work in Germany, and Roosevelt objected to the Western Neisse River being chosen in the south, instead of the Eastern Neisse, both of which flow into the Oder.

Found within Consolation are themes that have echoed throughout the Western canon: the female figure of wisdom that informs Dante, the ascent through the layered universe that is shared with Milton, the reconciliation of opposing forces that find their way into Chaucer in The Knight's Tale, and the Wheel of Fortune so popular throughout the Middle Ages.

Having been designated a State Sponsor of Terrorism since January 1984 ; Iran was in the midst of the Iran – Iraq War and could find few Western nations willing to supply it with weapons.

Similarly, in regard to passages from the Enneads, " The only space or place of the world is the soul " and " Time must not be assumed to exist outside the soul ", Ludwig Noiré wrote: " For the first time in Western philosophy we find idealism proper in Plotinus, However, Plotinus does not address whether we know external objects, unlike Schopenhauer and other modern philosophers.

Western European rulers determined to find new trade routes of their own.

His goal was to find reasons for the different development paths of the cultures of the Occident and the Orient, although without judging or valuing them, like some of the contemporary thinkers who followed the social Darwinist paradigm ; Weber wanted primarily to explain the distinctive elements of the Western civilisation.

: The Western World will find out much more about the situation in Poland from hearing that I was sent to jail for handing out sanitary pads to women, than from reading books and articles written by other members of the opposition.

It is rare to find a philosopher, particularly in the Western philosophical tradition, who lacks many arguments.

In the first, more philosophically oriented phase, Steiner attempted to find a synthesis between science and mysticism ; his philosophical work of these years, which he termed spiritual science, sought to provide a connection between the cognitive path of Western philosophy and the inner and spiritual needs of the human being.

Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, falls to emerging Ottoman Turks, forcing Western Europeans to find a new trade route.

* April 28 – The ship Vergulde Draeck is wrecked off Ledge Point, Western Australia after it departs the Cape of Good Hope ; rescue missions fail to find survivors.

With east Kimberley cattlemen keen to find a way to get their cattle to market, and the Government of Western Australia keen for competition to bring prices down, a 1905 proposal of a stock route through the desert was taken seriously.

In 1972, at the age of 20, hoping to find fortune through a criminal career, he illegally emigrated to Western Europe.

His best known work, All Quiet on the Western Front ( Im Westen nichts Neues ), was written in a few months in 1927, but Remarque was not immediately able to find a publisher.

No effort was made to distribute Tatra's unusual automobiles in the West, though a small number did find their way to collectors in Western Europe, and even to the United States.

In an effort to find a way to relieve pressure on the Western front, Lord Kitchener proposed an invasion of Alexandretta with Australian and New Zealand Army Corps ( ANZAC ), New Army, and Indian troops.

The first seam was discovered in nearby Pocahontas, Virginia in the backyard of Jordan Nelson which was, in the words of President Frederick Kimball of the Norfolk and Western Company, the " most spectacular find on the continent and indeed perhaps of the entire planet.

A failure to find anyone prepared to work on the Western Division from Thrapston to Northampton resulted in a third Act being obtained in 1756, which allowed the Commissioners to borrow money to finance the work.

During the 1990s, Western teachers travelled to Japan in order to find this particular tradition of Reiki, though found nothing.

The use of the chakras is widespread within Western Reiki, though not as much within Traditional Japanese Reiki, as it concentrates more on treating specific areas of the body after using techniques such as Byosen-hō and Reiji-hō, which are used to find areas of dis-ease ( discomfort ) in the auras and physical body.

Many Western practitioners use a common fixed set of 12 hand positions, while others use their intuition to guide them as to where treatment is needed as is the practise in Traditional Japanese Reiki, sometimes starting the treatment with a " scan " of the recipient to find such areas.

Walpola Rahula shows that the early attempts of Western scholars to find the atman doctrine in the Pali canon are a result of mistranslations of the original Pali.

Canadian anatomist Davidson Black of Peking Union Medical College, excited by Andersson and Zdansky ’ s find, secured funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and recommenced excavations at the site in 1927 with both Western and Chinese scientists.

On June 24, 1806, General James Wilkinson, commander of the Western Department, ordered Captain Zebulon Pike, then age 27, to lead an expedition to the western and southern areas of the Louisiana Purchase to map the terrain and contact the Native American peoples, and to find the headwaters of the Red River.