When amino acids combine, they form a special bond called a peptide bond through dehydration synthesis, and become a polypeptide, or protein.

When a protein is denatured, the secondary and tertiary structures are altered but the peptide bonds of the primary structure between the amino acids are left intact.

When LABs compete for nutrients, their metabolites often include active antimicrobials such as lactic and acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and peptide bacteriocins.

When the functional group attacking the peptide bond is a thiol, hydroxyl or amine, the resulting molecule may be called a cyclol or, more specifically, a thiacyclol, an oxacyclol or an azacyclol, respectively.

When proline is bound as an amide in a peptide bond, its nitrogen is not bound to any hydrogen, meaning it cannot act as a hydrogen bond donor, but can be a hydrogen bond acceptor.

When there is a deficiency of the charged tRNA of the regulatory amino acid the ribosome translating the leader peptide stalls and the antiterminator structure forms.

When not interacting with a substrate peptide, Hsp70 is usually in an ATP bound state.

When ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP the binding pocket of Hsp70 closes, tightly binding the now-trapped peptide chain.

When a peptide is being used to generate the antibody, it is extremely important to design the antigens properly.

When the peptide antigens are produced synthetically, a terminal cysteine residue is added at either the N-or C-terminus of the peptide.

When a T cell receptor is activated by contact with a peptide: MHC complex, CD45 dephosphorylates Fyn, activating it.

When there is too much thyroid hormone, the TSH will be low.

When hyperthyroidism does appear in dogs, it tends to be due to over-supplementation of the thyroid hormone during treatment for hypothyroidism.

When the larva is fully grown, hormones such as prothoracicotropic hormone ( PTTH ) are produced.

When the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids.

When traveling across a number of time zones, the body clock will be out of synchronization with the destination time, as it experiences daylight and darkness contrary to the rhythms to which it has grown accustomed: the body's natural pattern is upset, as the rhythms that dictate times for eating, sleeping, hormone regulation and body temperature variations no longer correspond to the environment nor to each other in some cases.

When adrenocorticotropic hormone reaches and binds to its target, the adrenal gland, the adrenal gland in turn releases the final key messenger in the cascade, cortisol.

When there is an excess of hormone Y, gland X " senses " this and inhibits its release of hormone X.

When plasma is diluted by excessive water intake ( or hyponatremia ), syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion ( SIADH ), hemodialysis, or rapid reduction of blood glucose in hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state ( HHS ), formerly hyperosmolar non-ketotic acidosis ( HONK ), the brain osmolality will then exceed the serum osmolality creating an abnormal pressure gradient down which water will flow into the brain causing edema.

When levels of somatotropin are low in the body, a physican may prescribe human growth hormone as a drug — see Growth hormone treatment.

When growth hormone is deficient, blood sugar is low because insulin is not opposed by normal amount of growth hormone.

When GH deficiency ( usually with other anterior pituitary deficiencies ) is associated with posterior pituitary hormone deficiency ( usually diabetes insipidus ) the condition is termed panhypopituitarism.

When rearing mealworms, commercial growers incorporate a juvenile hormone into the feeding process to keep the mealworm in the larval stage and achieve an abnormal length of 2 cm or greater.

When insulin binds to its receptors on the surface of a cell, the hormone receptor complex undergoes endocytosis and is subsequently attacked by intracellular lysosomal enzymes.

When this hormone was mixed with cerebral endothelial cells as well as astrocytes, the pericytes grouped into structures that resembled capillaries.

When no binding hormone is present the carboxyl terminal inhibits transcription.

When dosages are high, the human body reacts by reducing the production of LH ( luteinizing hormone ), thinking endogenous testosterone production is too high ; this in turn eliminates further stimulation of Leydig cells in the testicles, causing testicular atrophy ( shrinking ).

Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axon s. When a pulse of electricity reaches a junction called a synapse, it causes a neurotransmitter chemical to be released, which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity.

When a ligand binds to the GPCR it causes a conformational change in the GPCR, which allows it to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor ( GEF ).

When oxygen binds to the iron complex, it causes the iron atom to move back toward the center of the plane of the porphyrin ring ( see moving diagram ).

When it is present at a much higher concentration, it also binds to OR3, inhibiting transcription from P < sub > RM </ sub >, thus regulating its own levels in a negative feedback loop.

When a court binds itself, this application of the doctrine of precedent is sometimes called horizontal stare decisis.

When pulled tighter, the rope passing over itself binds it in place.

When released, ADH binds to V2 G-protein coupled receptors within the distal convoluted tubules, increasing cyclic AMP, which couples with protein kinase A, stimulating translocation of the aquaporin 2 channel stored in the cytoplasm of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts into the apical membrane.

When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor ( GPCR ) that is coupled to a Gq heterotrimeric G protein, the α-subunit of Gq can bind to and induce activity in the PLC isozyme PLC-β, which results in the cleavage of PIP < sub > 2 </ sub > into IP < sub > 3 </ sub > and DAG.

When the foreign insulin binds with the antibodies, it does cannot work as intended.

When such a conflict arises, all Superior Courts have the discretion to choose which rule they like until the California Supreme Court grants review and creates a single rule that binds all courts statewide.

When it is a player's turn to act, the first verbal declaration or action he takes binds him to his choice of action ; this rule prevents a player from changing his action after seeing how other players react to his initial, verbal action.

When these residues are phosphorylated, the CTD binds to various protein factors that promote transcript maturation and modification.

When the inducer binds the receptor, it activates transcription of certain genes, including those for inducer synthesis.

When acetylcholine binds to an already depolarized receptor, it cannot cause further depolarization.

When a T < sub > h </ sub > cell encounters and recognises the antigen, on an APC, the TCR-CD3 complex binds strongly to the peptide-MHC complex present on the surface of professional APCs.

When prolactin binds to the receptor, it causes it to dimerize with another prolactin receptor.

When a small proportion of finely ground bentonite clay is added to hard sand and wetted, the clay binds the sand particles into a moldable aggregate known as green sand used for making molds in sand casting.

When an aminoacyl-tRNA initially binds to its corresponding codon on the mRNA, it is in the A site.

When bird chicks ingest melatonin-rich plant feed, such as rice, the melatonin binds to melatonin receptors in their brains.

When all moisture evaporates, the acacia gum binds the pigment to the paper surface.

When transmural pressure increases, sphingosine kinase 1 phosphorylates sphingosine to S1P, which binds to the S1P2 receptor in plasma membrane of cells.

When ATP binds to the enzyme ’ s two allosteric sites, luciferase ’ s affinity to bind ATP in its active site increases.

When the concentration of cAMP rises ( e. g., activation of adenylate cyclases by G protein-coupled receptors coupled to G < sub > s </ sub >, inhibition of phosphodiesterases that degrade cAMP ), cAMP binds to the two binding sites on the regulatory subunits, which leads to the release of the catalytic subunits.