When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been " sequenced ", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes.

When people are asked to make up a random-looking sequence of coin tosses, they tend to make sequences where the proportion of heads to tails stays closer to 0. 5 in any short segment than would be predicted by chance ( insensitivity to sample size ); Kahneman and Tversky interpret this to mean that people believe short sequences of random events should be representative of longer ones.

When the transposable elements lack additional genes, they are known as insertion sequences.

When injected into plants, these proteins can enter the nucleus of the plant cell, bind plant promoter sequences, and activate transcription of plant genes that aid in bacterial infection.

When hash functions and fingerprints are used to identify similar data, such as homologous DNA sequences or similar audio files, the functions are designed so as to maximize the probability of collision between distinct but similar data.

When working with stationary sources with memory, it is necessary to modify the definition of the rate distortion function and it must be understood in the sense of a limit taken over sequences of increasing lengths.

When polynomial sequences replace sequences of numbers as images of y < sup > n </ sup > under the linear mapping L, then the umbral method is seen to be an essential component of Rota's general theory of special polynomials, and that theory is the umbral calculus by some more modern definitions of the term.

; Large numbers of query sequences ( megablast ): When comparing large numbers of input sequences via the command-line BLAST, " megablast " is much faster than running BLAST multiple times.

; DNA mapping: When working with a known species, and looking to sequence a gene at an unknown location, BLAST can compare the chromosomal position of the sequence of interest, to relevant sequences in the database ( s ).

When the act appeared on his TV show, Southern CBS affiliates and racist Southern politicians complained of their participating in dance sequences with white women.

When used as a choreographic technique, movement sequences that emerge during Jam research or rehearsals may be adapted and set to form a part of set choreography, or a score ( a set of rules or limiting factors and transitions ) may be employed to give dancers a structure to navigate through a performance.

When R isn't commutative one needs the more careful statement, that ( if M is a left R-module ) the tensor product with M maps exact sequences of right R-modules to exact sequences of abelian groups.

When first unveiled in the concluding sequences of Star Trek IV, the main hull numbers are changed to NCC-1701-A, but the smaller hull numbers on the side of the lower part of the model still read NCC-1701, an oversight by the effects crew.

When PC games with full motion video ( FMV ) sequences were popular in the mid-to-late 1990s, PC Gamer's CD-ROM included elaborate FMV sequences featuring one of their editors.

When the action was indicated in a Republic script, it said " see Yakima Canutt for action sequences.

When people engage in these behavioral sequences they are dependent to some extent on their relational partner.

When R is a PID, then the correct statement of the Künneth theorem is that for any topological spaces X and Y there are natural short exact sequences

When questioned regarding difficulties in developing the game, Takahashi noted the effort used in making the opening sequences, developing the Special Games, and animations, which caused problems with meeting the schedule.

When examining peptides for synthesis and immunization, it is recommended that certain residues and sequences be avoided due to potential synthesis problems.

When taken up into the human body from the diet, the 22 standard amino acids either are used to synthesize proteins and other biomolecules or are oxidized to urea and carbon dioxide as a source of energy.

When proteins are heated they become denatured ( unfolded ) and change texture.

When cells enter mitosis, the sister chromatids ( which represent the two copies of each chromosomal DNA molecule resulting from DNA replication earlier in the cell cycle and packaged by histones and other proteins into chromatin ) are linked all along their length by the action of the cohesin complex.

When food is cooked, some of its proteins become denatured.

When separating proteins or small nucleic acids ( DNA, RNA, or oligonucleotides ) the gel is usually composed of different concentrations of acrylamide and a cross-linker, producing different sized mesh networks of polyacrylamide.

When proteins are generated from intron-containing genes, RNA splicing takes place as part of the RNA processing pathway that follows transcription and precedes translation.

When RNA polymerase transcribes these regions, it recruits the N and forms a complex with several host Nus proteins.

When a prion enters a healthy organism, it induces existing, properly folded proteins to convert into the disease-associated, prion form ; the prion acts as a template to guide the misfolding of more proteins into prion form.

When proteins bind specifically to other copies of the same molecule, they can oligomerize to form fibrils ; this process occurs often in structural proteins that consist of globular monomers that self-associate to form rigid fibers.

When a ribosome begins to synthesize proteins that are needed in some organelles, the ribosome making this protein can become " membrane-bound ".

After arriving an endosome via the pathway described above, vesicles begin to form inside the endosome, taking with them the membrane proteins meant for degradation ; When the endosome either matures to become a lysosome or is united with one, the vesicles are completely degraded.

When flour is mixed with water, the water-soluble proteins dissolve, leaving the glutenin and gliadin to form the structure of the resulting bread.

When studied outside the cell, the slowest folding proteins require many minutes or hours to fold primarily due to proline isomerization, and must pass through a number of intermediate states, like checkpoints, before the process is complete.

When the amount of copper in the liver overwhelms the proteins that normally bind it, it causes oxidative damage through a process known as Fenton chemistry ; this damage eventually leads to chronic active hepatitis, fibrosis ( deposition of connective tissue ) and cirrhosis.

When egg whites are beaten, some of the hydrogen bonds in the proteins break, causing the proteins to unfold (" denature ") and to aggregate non-specifically.

When voltage is applied along the gel, proteins migrate through it at different speeds dependent on their size.

When animal or plant matter is buried during sedimentation, the constituent organic molecules ( lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and lignin-humic compounds ) break down due to the increase in temperature and pressure.

When Di-n-butyl phthalate ( DBP ), diisobutyl phthalate ( DiBP ), benzyl butyl phthalate ( BBP ), Bis ( 2-ethylhexyl ) phthalate ( DEHP ) and di-n-pentyl phthalate ( DPP ) were combined, reductions in both testosterone synthesis and gene expression of steroidogenic pathway proteins were seen.

When a dough or batter is mixed, the starch in the flour mixes with the water in the dough to form a matrix ( often supported further by proteins like gluten or other polysaccharides like pentosans or xanthan gum ), then gelatinizes and " sets "; the holes left by the gas bubbles remain.

When Wüthrich joined the Bell Labs, he was put in charge of one of the first superconducting NMR spectrometers, and started studying the structure and dynamics of proteins.

When these cells are infected with a virus ( or another intracellular pathogen ), the cells degrade foreign proteins via antigen processing.

When I went for my interview with the director I saw why.

When his eyes began to focus, he saw Jess charging at him with a pitchfork.

When our eyes met the air was filled with an unuttered message of `` Me, too ''.

When he started school at the age of five-and-a-half, he could not understand why the alphabet begins with the letter A, instead of C, as in the scale.

When the Revolution broke out, he, along with Jefferson and Jay, abandoned his career at the bar, with considerable financial sacrifice.

When confronted with a drunk or an insane person I have no notion of what any one of them might do to me or to himself or to others.

When I try to work out my reasons for feeling that this passage is of critical significance, I come up with the following ideas, which I shall express very briefly here and revert to in a later essay.

When words can be used in a more fresh and primitive way so that they strike with the force of sights and sounds, when tones of sound and colors of paint and the carven shape all strike the sensibilities with an undeniable force of data in and of themselves, compelling the observer into an attitude of attention, all this imitates the way experience itself in its deepest character strikes upon the door of consciousness and clamors for entrance.

When combined with the metaphysical notion that pure forms of this universe are best appreciated when least embodied in a material substratum, it becomes clear that while earth will be dross on a scale of material-formal ratios, celestial bodies will be of a subtle, quickened, ethereal existence, in whose embodiment pure form will be the dominant component and matter will be absent or remain subsidiary.

When her right hand was incapacitated by the rheumatism, Sadie learned to write with her left hand.

When someone in the audience rose and asked how does it feel to be a celebrity, Carl said, `` A celebrity is a fellow who eats celery with celerity ''.

When he discovered they had received from the Company's Court of Directors no permission to live in India, coupled with the fact that they were Americans who had been sent to Asia to convert `` the heathen '', he became more belligerent than ever.

When Harold Arlen returned to California in the winter of 1944, it was to take up again a collaboration with Johnny Mercer, begun some years before.

When the troupe traveled to New York to participate in a one-act-play competition -- and won -- Mercer, instead of returning with the rest of the company in triumph, remained in New York.

When Prudence and Blackberry were too young to be trusted in the dining room, they were tied to the radiator with their leashes, and they would cry.

When we consider the disorganized state of the world community, and the legacy of predispositions adversely directed against all who are identified as Jews, it is obvious that the struggle for the minds and muscles of men needs to be prosecuted with increasing vigor and skill.

When these fields are surveyed together, important patterns of relationship emerge indicating a vast community of reciprocal influence, a continuity of thought and expression including many traditions, primarily literary, religious, and philosophical, but frequently including contact with the fine arts and even, to some extent, with science.

When Nan Patterson, a stunning and money-minded chorus girl who had appeared in a Floradora road show, rode down Broadway in a hansom cab with her married lover, Frank Young, she stopped the cab to disclose that Young had been shot dead, tearfully insisting that he had shot himself although experts said he could not have done so.

When the victory cheer went up this officer found himself still mounted, with his horse pressed broadside against Cleburne's log parapet in a tangled group of infantrymen.

When the negotiations began, his quarrel with the king of France was temporarily in abeyance, and he had no intention of reviving it so long as there was hope that French money would come to pay the troops who, under Charles of Valois, the papal vicar of Tuscany, were so valuable in the crusade against the Colonna cardinals and their Sicilian allies.

When Sir Edward Greville enclosed the town commons on the Bancroft, Quiney and others leveled his hedges on January 21, 1600/1, and were charged with riot by Sir Edward.

When Blackman emerged from the bedroom, everyone was gone except the tolerant Lord Thomson, who stayed and chatted with him for half an hour, and then Blackman lay awake most of that night, despairing of what he must expect on the Continent.