Early in Classical Greece, that the earth is a sphere (" round "), was generally known by all, and around 240 BCE, Eratosthenes ( 276 BCE – 194 BCE ) accurately estimated its circumference.

Even until the mid-nineteenth century zoologists were unaware of the gestation period of elephants but Jahangir on the other hand had accurately estimated the gestation period of elephants to be 18 to 19 months in the early-seventeenth century itself.

There are estimated to be between several tens of thousands and more than two hundred thousands of sedevacantists worldwide, mostly concentrated in the United States, Canada, France, the UK, Italy, and Australia, but the actual size of the sedevacantist movement has never been accurately assessed.

Though Sinhala people in particular and Sri Lankans in general have migrated to the UK over the centuries beginning from the colonial times, the number of Sinhalese people in the UK cannot be estimated accurately due to inadequacies of census in the UK.

Due to social implications the disorder is often unreported and it is difficult to accurately predict its prevalence ; the lifetime prevalence is estimated to be between 0. 6 % ( overall ) and may be as high as 1. 5 % ( in males ) to 3. 4 % ( in females ).

Calculating these dates numerically is complex, but they can be estimated fairly accurately by placing a straight-edge, tilted at the appropriate angle, tangential to a diagram of the analemma, and reading the dates ( interpolating as necessary ) when the Sun is at the positions of contact.

Numbers for this species are estimated as extremely small, with the rugged terrain making it difficult to accurately monitor the species population.

It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn ; however, their number is estimated at almost a million, primarily living in Ukraine and Slovakia.

The criminality of squatting makes it hard to accurately track the number of people involved in this activity ; however, there are estimated to be around one million squatters worldwide.

While the egg was too badly crushed to accurately determine its size, Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky estimated a diameter of about 7 cm ( 2. 7 in ) based on the width of the pelvic canal through which the egg had to have passed.

Since then the shape of the Earth ( the geoid ) has been estimated more accurately.

Because of racial documentation policies of that time, the number of blacks injured and dead was not accurately known so the death toll is estimated to be much more.

Originally psychologist Tamaki Saitō, who first coined the phrase, estimated that there may be over one million hikikomori in Japan, or approximately 1 % of the total Japanese population, but considering that hikikomori adolescents are hidden away and their parents are often reluctant to talk about the problem, it is extremely difficult to gauge the number accurately.

The work was, however, largely used by historians and antiquaries, until, with the rise of a more critical spirit, its value became more accurately estimated.

Both GFR and C < sub > Cr </ sub > may be accurately calculated by comparative measurements of substances in the blood and urine, or estimated by formulas using just a blood test result ( eGFR and eC < sub > Cr </ sub >).

Although the Ottomans had fairly accurately estimated the total Allied strength, Liman lacked intelligence on the Allied plans and dispositions and was forced to dispose his forces evenly along the entire length of his front.

All vertebrates are studied under standard evolutionary generalizations of behavior and life process, although there is controversy over whether population can be accurately estimated from limited fossil resources.

For example in sugar refining dissolved solids can be accurately estimated from refractive index measurement corrected by an optical rotation ( polarization ) measurement.

The gestational age of an individual infant can be more accurately estimated from:

This has the advantage that those parameters can be estimated more accurately.

Although statistics can be hard to accurately capture because so many cases of violence against women go unreported, according to The World Health Organization, ( 2005 ) " It is estimated that one in every five women faces some form of violence during her lifetime, in some cases leading to serious injury or death ".

After being shown their test scores, the subjects were again asked to estimate their own rank, whereupon the competent group accurately estimated their rank, while the incompetent group still overestimated their own rank.

During the progress of the bidding and declaring, opportunity is taken by the players to indicate by their calls their strength in the various suits and the high cards they hold, so that, when the playing begins, the position of the best cards and the strength of the different hands can often be fairly accurately estimated.

( However, the true value of the haul was only estimated, as those renting the boxes may have, for various reasons, not accurately reported the contents.

Most of the physical properties of astatine have been estimated ( by interpolation or extrapolation ), using various theoretically-grounded or empirically-derived methods.

P can be estimated by using the measured speedup ( SU ) on a specific number of processors ( NP ) using

This was despite the fact that Frankfurt already had most of the required facilities and using Bonn was estimated to be 95 million DM more expensive than using Frankfurt.

If the nominal compression ratio of an engine is given, the pre-ignition cylinder pressure can be estimated using the following relationship:

The cost of developing all the packages included in Debian 5. 0 lenny ( 323 million lines of code ), using the COCOMO model, has been estimated to be about US $ 8 billion.

Using this inequality, the size of the remainder term can be estimated using

The effective nuclear charge, Z * experienced by valence electrons can be estimated using Slater's rules, while the surface area of an atom in a molecule can be taken to be proportional to the square of the covalent radius, r < sub > cov </ sub >.

One participant recollects that Fermi then made a series of rapid calculations using estimated figures.

In 1991 the performance of some Italian teams attracted attention-they had started using Agip's " jungle juice " Formula One fuel, worth an estimated 15 bhp — giving their drivers a significant advantage.

The communist government led by Nur Mohammed Taraki responded, pulverizing the city using Soviet supplied bombers and killing an estimated 24, 000 citizens in less than a week.

If the lift coefficient for a wing at a specified angle of attack is known ( or estimated using a method such as thin airfoil theory ), then the lift produced for specific flow conditions can be determined using the following equation:

The amount of accumulation of lysosomotropic compounds may be estimated using a cell based mathematical model.

Using the known ionic radii for the trivalent rare earths and the linear correlation of log distribution coefficient with ionic radius, an average ionic radius of 0. 089 nm was estimated for Md < sup > 3 +</ sup > and a heat of hydration of –( 3654 ± 12 ) kJ / mol calculated using empirical models and the Born-Haber cycle.

These values are estimated using country-specific food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations.

In ecology the population of a certain species in a certain area is estimated using the Lincoln Index.

This failure of panmixia leads to two important changes in overall population structure: ( 1 ). the component gamodemes vary ( through gamete sampling ) in their allele frequencies when compared with each other and with the theoretical panmictic original ( this is known as dispersion, and its details can be estimated using expansion of an appropriate binomial equation ); and ( 2 ).

For example, every continuous probability distribution has a median, which may be estimated using the sample median or the Hodges-Lehmann-Sen estimator, which has good properties when the data arise from simple random sampling.

The risk for death can be estimated using the SCORTEN scale, which takes a number of prognostic indicators into account.

On 11 January 1917, Fiodore Wozniak, using a rag saturated with phosphorus or an incendiary pencil supplied by German sabotage agents, set fire to his workbench at an ammunition assembly plant near Kingsland, NY, causing a four-hour fire that destroyed half a million 3-inch explosive shells and destroyed the plant for an estimated at 17 million in damages.

On 1 January 1984, the Cuscatlan bridge over Lempa river in El Salvador, critical to flow of commercial and military traffic, was destroyed by guerilla forces using explosives after using mortar fire to " scatter " the bridge's guards, causing an estimated 3. 7 million dollars in required repairs, and considerably impacted El Salvadoran business and security.