Moreover, whereas in Interstate Commerce Commission parlance `` variable cost '' means a cost deemed to vary in direct proportion to changes in rate of output, in the type of analysis now under review `` variable cost '' has been used more broadly, so as to cover costs which, while a function of some one variable ( such as output of energy, or number of customers ), are not necessarily a linear function.

As it will be shown later, the field-flattening properties of the interstage and output fiber coupler comprise indeed the main advantage of such a design.

It is obvious that such an influence can only be expected in the final stage of an image intensifier at rather high output levels.

If the polarities are correct, the platform rotates in such a direction as to reduce the accelerometer output to zero.

Competing machines such as the Altair 8800 generally were programmed with front-mounted toggle switches and used indicator lights ( red LEDs, most commonly ) for output, and had to be extended with separate hardware to allow connection to a computer terminal or a teletypewriter machine.

It had feature limitations such as being unable to output more than one channel of sound, ( and provided fewer Envelope-shaping options ) where the BBC was capable of three-way polyphony ( plus one noise channel ) and the inability to provide teletext mode.

As a metal, beryllium is transparent to most wavelengths of X-rays and gamma rays, making it useful for the output windows of X-ray tubes and other such apparatus.

The BIOS provides a small library of basic input / output functions used to operate and control the peripherals ( such as the keyboard, text display functions and so forth ), and these software library functions are callable by external software.

The artist coined terms such as PENtings and Media Graffiti to describe his varied output.

Bubbles also maintained his freelance output, producing designs for Peter Jenner ( Ian Dury and Billy Bragg's manager ), and others, creating a prodigious output by working for such bands, musicians and performers as Vivian Stanshall, Generation X, Big Star, Johnny Moped, Whirlwind, Billy Bragg, Clover, The Sinceros, Roger Chapman, Phillip Goodhand-Tait, Dr. Feelgood, Inner City Unit and The Psychedelic Furs.

Positive feedback loops, such as the simple X activates Y and Y activates X motif, essentially links output signals to their input signals and have been noted to be an important regulatory motif in cellular signal transduction because positive feedback loops can create switches with an all-or-nothing decision.

Some of the earliest examples of this technology implemented input / output processing such as direct memory access as a separate thread from the computation thread.

; Pulseless ventricular tachycardia: Pulseless ventricular tachycardia ( VT ) Is one classification of VT such that no pulse is felt because of an ineffective cardiac output which causes cardiac arrest.

A Bourne shell-compatible command interpreter, such as bash, was needed and in turn a fork system call emulation and standard input / output.

This was primarily caused by their higher heat output than other x86 CPUs of the day and, as such, computer builders sometimes did not equip them with adequate cooling.

In the 21st century, U. S. influence remains strong but, in relative terms, is declining in terms of economic output compared to rising nations such as China, India, Russia, Brazil, and the newly consolidated European Union.

Because this internal 1571 does not have an unused 8-bit input / output port on any chip, unlike most other Commodore drives, it is not possible to install a parallel cable in this drive, such as that used by SpeedDOS, Dolphin DOS and some other fast third-party Commodore DOS replacements.

This flag is usually reproduced prominently in the output of DNS administration query tools ( such as dig ) to indicate that the responding name server is an authority for the domain name in question.

Various modern compiler static code analysis techniques ( such as elimination of dead code: for example, code which uses the processor but produces internal results which are not used or output ) make the use and design of synthetic benchmarks more difficult.

The most common form of linear oscillator is an electronic amplifier such as a transistor or op amp connected in a feedback loop with its output fed back into its input through a frequency selective electronic filter to provide positive feedback.

A nonlinear or relaxation oscillator produces a non-sinusoidal output, such as a square, sawtooth or triangle wave.

* They are very inefficient ; a theoretical maximum of 50 % is obtainable with inductive output coupling and only 25 % with capacitive coupling, unless deliberate use of nonlinearities is made ( such as in square-law output stages ).

A linear time-invariant ( LTI ) filter can be uniquely specified by its impulse response h, and the output of any filter is mathematically expressed as the convolution of the input with that impulse response.

Most real systems have non-linear input / output characteristics, but many systems, when operated within nominal parameters ( not " over-driven ") have behavior that is close enough to linear that LTI system theory is an acceptable representation of the input / output behavior.

In LTI system theory, control theory, and in digital or analog signal processing, the relationship between the input signal,, to output signal,, of an LTI system is governed by the convolution operation:

Here is the time-domain impulse response of the LTI system and,,, are the Laplace transforms of the input, output, and impulse response, respectively.

This is like convolution used in LTI systems to find the output of a system, when you know the input and impulse response.

When the input to an LTI system is sinusoidal, the output is sinusoidal with the same frequency, but it may have a different amplitude and some phase shift.

Using an oscilloscope that can plot one signal against another ( as opposed to one signal against time ) to plot the output of an LTI system against the input to the LTI system produces an ellipse that is a Lissajous figure for the special case of a = b. The aspect ratio of the resulting ellipse is a function of the phase shift between the input and output, with an aspect ratio of 1 ( perfect circle ) corresponding to a phase shift of and an aspect ratio of ( a line ) corresponding to a phase shift of 0 or 180 degrees.

An exponentially stable LTI system is one that will not " blow up " ( i. e., give an unbounded output ) when given a finite input or non-zero initial condition.

If a linear time invariant ( LTI ) system's impulse response is to be measured using a MLS, the response can be extracted from the measured system output y by taking its circular cross-correlation with the MLS.

By examining a simple integrator circuit it can be demonstrated that when a function is put into a linear time-invariant ( LTI ) system, an output can be characterized by a superposition or sum of the Zero Input Response and the zero state response.

It must be remembered that the fiber plates replace a glass window and a ( mica ) membrane, in addition to an optical output lens system.

Thus if the gyro and platform-controller combination maintains the platform with zero angular deviation about the **yf axis, the system can be rotated with an angular velocity Af if a torque is supplied to the gyro output axis Aj.

In the system shown in Fig. 7-1, the accelerometer output is amplified and the resulting voltage is applied to the gyro output-axis torquer.

Finally, when the accelerometer output is zero, the entire system remains stationary, and the platform is, by definition, leveled.

When the system is on automatic leveling, the gyro drift is canceled by the output of the leveling system ( amplifier Af ).

An adiabatic process is any process occurring without input or output of heat within a system ( i. e. during the process the system is thermodynamically isolated-there is no heat transfer with the surroundings ).

The output of the preamplifier then goes to a separate amplifier system similar to that for an electric guitar.

Unless a caller was using terminal emulation software written for, and running on, the same type of system as the BBS, the session would simply fall back to simple ASCII output.

A central processing unit ( CPU ), also referred to as a central processor unit, is the hardware within a computer system which carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input / output operations of the system.

The output of the system is estimated at 10, 000 horsepower.

Action is taken to refer to the output of a system.

The system involves a clutch shoe or shoes attached to the driven shaft, rotating inside a clutch bell attached to the output shaft.

Since the invention of the MIDI system in the early 1980s, for example, some people have worked on programs which map MIDI notes to an algorithm and then can either output sounds or music through the computer's sound card or write an audio file for other programs to play.

When one or more output variables of a system need to follow a certain reference over time, a controller manipulates the inputs to a system to obtain the desired effect on the output of the system.

The transfer function is a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency, of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant solution of the nonlinear differential equations describing the system.

The final control element changes an input or output in the control system which affect the manipulated or controlled variable.