These inconsistencies were exposed both at Nuremberg, in the trials of the Einsatzgruppen leaders ( who also claimed they had a duty to obey distasteful orders ) and in the 1947 trials of senior officers, and in Manstein's trial in 1949.

Since the charges brought against Manstein were almost identical to those brought against Rundstedt, it is worth quoting the remarks made by the prosecutor at Manstein's trial, Sir Arthur Comyns Carr: " Contemporary German militarism flourished briefly with its recent ally, National Socialism, as well as or better than it had in the generals of the past.

The Germans were aided by the element of surprise, as Stavka had not expected the German offensive to begin so soon, while General Vasilevsky was unable to detach the 2nd Guards Army to use it as a blocking force against Manstein's spearheads.

After the encirclement of the German Sixth Army at Stalingrad, the 6. Panzer, now fully reformed, was sent to Ukraine to join Generaloberst Erich von Manstein's Army Group Don, currently struggling to halt the advancing Soviet forces.

He remained serving on von Manstein's staff from 1942 until 1943 as Chief of Operations of Army Group Don and then from 1943 until 1944 he was Chief of Staff of Army Group South, both Army Groups on the Eastern Front.

Composed of the German 4th Panzer and 6th Armies, as well as the Third and Fourth Romanian Armies, Manstein's new army group was situated between German Army Groups A and B.

The 6th Panzer Division was also complete because it had been transferred to Manstein's control from Western Europe.

Tresckow's former regimental comrade Rudolf Schmundt was Hitler's chief military aide, and it was through the Tresckow-Schmundt channel that Manstein's plan, after being rejected by Army High Command, was brought to Hitler's attention.

However, it was quickly reformed and used by Field Marshal Erich von Manstein's Operation Winter Storm efforts to relieve General Friedrich Paulus ' trapped Sixth Army still in Stalingrad.

Together with the attached Army units, the 1st Panzer Army included over 200, 000 troops, and was the most powerful formation of Generalfeldmarshall Erich von Manstein's Army Group South.

In early February 1943, the corps was ordered to join Generalfeldmarschall Manstein's Army Group South in Ukraine where it was to become known very simply as the " SS Panzer Corps ".

The Das Reich was attached to Obergruppenführer Paul Hausser's SS-Panzerkorps, under the overall command of Generalfeldmarschall Manstein's Army Group South.

The SS-Panzerkorps was to form the vanguard of Manstein's efforts to halt the Soviet advance near Kharkov.

After regrouping, the SS Panzer Corps became the Schwerpunkt of Manstein's counter-offensive and distinguished itself in the fighting to recapture the city and surrounding area, advancing as far as Belgorod.

Erich von Manstein's 11th Army moved into the Crimea and had taken control of all of the peninsula by autumn ( except Sevastopol, which held out until 3 July 1942 ).

However, as a result of their over-extension and the casualties they had taken during their offensive, at the beginning of Manstein's counterattack the Germans could achieve a tactical superiority in numbers, including the number of tanks present — for example, Manstein's 350 tanks outnumbered Soviet armor almost seven to one at the point of contact.

General Erich von Manstein's bold plan for invading France through the Ardennes Forest proved successful, and ultimately led to the capture of France.

He would have fully agreed with Manstein's remark to Rudolf von Gersdorff: " Preussische Feldmarschälle meutern nicht!

The Red Army's 3rd Tank Army began to engage German units south of Kharkov, performing a holding action while Manstein's offensive continued.

Operation Little Saturn defeated the Italian 8th Army on Army Group Don's left flank, threatening the survival of Manstein's entire group of forces.

The German Operation Wintergewitter, led by Field Marshal Erich von Manstein's Army Group Don, made an attack on the Stalingrad Front in an effort to relieve the Sixth Army in Stalingrad.

On 5 May Cabinet accepted his recommendation that Rundstedt and Strauss be released, but that Manstein's trial should go ahead.

Hitler immediately flew to von Manstein's headquarters at Zaporizhia.

The success of Manstein's counterattack forced Stavka to stop Rokossovsky's offensive.

After the fall of Kharkov the Soviet defense of the Donets had collapsed, allowing Manstein's forces to drive to Belgorod on 17 March, and take it by the next day.

However, weather and exhaustion forced Manstein's counterstroke to end soon thereafter, despite the Field Marshal's ambitions to also attack the Kursk salient which had been created as a result of the recapture of Kharkov and Belgorod.

Hitler encouraged the reinforcement of German aviation in the area, regarding Manstein's operation of great importance.

He flew to von Manstein's head quarters, and the Field Marshal agreed a breakout must take place.

The fall of Sevastopol resulted in Von Manstein's promotion to Generalfeldmarschall, as promised.

Sevastopol 1942: Von Manstein's Triumph.

Not only was his Belgian nationality interesting because of Belgium's occupation by Germany ( which provided a valid explanation of why such a skilled detective would be out of work and available to solve mysteries at an English country house ), but also at the time of Christie's writing, it was considered patriotic to express sympathy with the Belgians, since the invasion of their country had constituted Britain's casus belli for entering World War I, and British wartime propaganda emphasized the " Rape of Belgium ".

Capital punishment has in the past been practised by most societies ( one notable exception being Kievan Rus ); currently 58 nations actively practice it, and 97 countries have abolished it ( the remainder have not used it for 10 years or allow it only in exceptional circumstances such as wartime ).

Awards may be made to persons other than members of the Armed Forces of the United States for wartime services only, and then only under exceptional circumstances, with the express approval of the President in each case.

Awards may be made to persons other than members of the Armed Forces of the United States for wartime services only, and only then under exceptional circumstances with the express approval of the President in each case.

Other than during wartime, the Rosetta Stone has left the British Museum only once: for one month in October 1972, to be displayed alongside Champollion's Lettre at the Louvre in Paris on the 150th anniversary of its publication.

The only member of the UC administration who knew its true purpose — indeed, the only one who knew its exact physical location — was the Secretary-Treasurer Robert Underhill, who was in charge of wartime contracts and liabilities.

Some Republican leaders considered Dewey to be too young ( he was only 38 ) and too inexperienced to lead the nation in wartime.

The Air Force leadership, however, felt that such a promotion would lessen the prestige of this rank, which was seen as a wartime rank to be held only in times of extreme national emergency.

The Army's Chemical Warfare Service was given responsibility and oversight for the effort that one officer described as " cloaked in the deepest wartime secrecy, matched only by ... the Manhattan Project for developing the Atomic Bomb ".

As with most wartime promotions, even when issued under the regular army, these senior ranks were only temporary.

* James Francis Byrnes ( 1882 – 1972 ), lawyer, congressman, senator, Supreme Court Justice ( only person to step down off the bench for another federal post — head the wartime Office of Economic Stabilization ), advisor to FDR, Secretary of State to Truman, Governor of South Carolina

Stations themselves were occasionally changed, especially during wartime, when lights were only displayed in response to specific shipping needs.

Of thirteen fields available for use throughout the islands, only Clark Field was considered a first rate facility, and the small number of total fields made dispersal during wartime impossible.

Both # 1 ( Main ) and # 2 ( Fighter ) fields have become rice paddies and cornfields, a dirt road being the only trace of their wartime purpose.

Apart from the Westland Whirlwind and Welkin, built only in modest numbers, the Royal Air Force's wartime heavy fighters were all adapted from earlier bombers.

In a sharp departure from the contemporary practice of paying armies only during wartime, the Janissaries received regular salaries, paid quarterly.

* Nobuo Fujita ( 1911 – 1997 ), Warrant Flying Officer of the Imperial Japanese Navy ; conducted the only wartime aircraft bombings on the continental United States

During another phase of his wartime service he was injured by a grenade in France, the last remnants of which were only removed in his late 40s.

Mitchell received appointment on February 28, 1919, as Director of Military Aeronautics, to head the flying component of the Air Service, but that office was in name only as it was a wartime agency that would expire six months after the signing of a peace treaty.

He appeared in the 1955 BBC Television serial Quatermass II, had a role in the Powell and Pressburger wartime drama Battle of the River Plate ( 1956 ), and came to wide popular attention in Britain when he played the duplicitous Spanish envoy Mendoza in the ITC Entertainment series Sir Francis Drake ( 1961 – 62 ), after which he was much in demand ; an ' in-joke ' in the 1971 Doctor Who story Colony in Space refers to that role: the Brigadier tells the Doctor not to worry — the suspected sighting of the Master was only the Spanish Ambassador!

Above these is the highest Brazilian Air Force rank of marshal of the air, used only in wartime.

" In 1931 the Court wrote that only the narrowest circumstances — such as publication of the dates of departure of ships during wartime — were permissible.