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In the Prose Edda, and a single poem in the Poetic Edda, the event is referred to as Ragnarök or Ragnarøkkr ( Old Norse " Fate of the Gods " or " Twilight of the Gods " respectively ), a usage popularized by 19th century composer Richard Wagner with the title of the last of his Der Ring des Nibelungen operas, Götterdämmerung ( 1876 ).
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Prose and Edda
In the Prose Edda, Gylfi, King of Sweden before the arrival of the Æsir under Odin, travels to Asgard, questions the three officials shown in the illumination concerning the Æsir, and is beguiled.
The primary sources regarding Asgard come from the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Icelandic Snorri Sturluson, and the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from a basis of much older Skaldic poetry.
The Prose Edda presents two views regarding Asgard.
* Wikisource: Prose Edda / Gylfaginning ( The Fooling Of Gylfe ) by Sturluson, Snorri, 13th century Edda, in English.
The pair are attested in both the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.
Snorri uses his visiting the Æsir as the frame of that section of the Prose Edda.
The bridge is attested as Bilröst in the Poetic Edda ; compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and as Bifröst in the Prose Edda ; written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds.
Both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda alternately refer to the bridge as Asbrú ( Old Norse " Æsir's bridge ").
According to the Prose Edda, the bridge ends in heaven at Himinbjörg, the residence of the god Heimdallr, who guards it from the jötnar.
Two poems in the Poetic Edda and two books in the Prose Edda provide information about the bridge:
Compiled in Iceland in the 13th century, but based on much older Old Norse poetry, the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda contain numerous references to the death of Baldr as both a great tragedy to the Æsir and a harbinger of Ragnarök.
According to Gylfaginning, a book of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, Baldr's wife is Nanna and their son is Forseti.
The Prose Edda by Snorri Sturluson.
Húsdrápa, a skaldic poem partially preserved in the Prose Edda, relates the story of the theft of Brísingamen by Loki.
In the Prose Edda Snorri Sturluson quotes many stanzas attributed to Bragi Boddason the old ( Bragi Boddason inn gamli ), a court poet who served several Swedish kings, Ragnar Lodbrok, Östen Beli and Björn at Hauge who reigned in the first half of the 9th century.
* Prose Edda
Snorri in the Prose Edda states that the light elves dwell in Álfheim while the dark elves dwell underground.
" ( Snorri, Gylfaginning 17, Prose Edda )
Prose and single
In the Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, Yggdrasil receives a single mention, though not by name.
Prose of the interwar period distanced itself even more from the traditional, single perspective prose of the previous century, in favor of multiple perspectives, subjectivity, and fractured narratives.
Naglfar is attested in a single mention in the Prose Edda ( written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ) book Gylfaginning, where he is described as one of a series of three husbands of Nótt, and that the couple produced a son, Auðr.
Prose and poem
Robert's poem was rewritten in prose in the 12th century as the Estoire de Merlin, also called the Vulgate or Prose Merlin.
In stanza 39 of the Poetic Edda poem Lokasenna, and in the Prose Edda, the form ragnarøk ( k ) r appears, røk ( k ) r meaning " twilight.
According to Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda book Skáldskaparmál, in his retelling of the Poetic Edda poem Lokasenna, she is married to Ægir and they have nine daughters together.
In chapter 34 of the Prose Edda poem Gylfaginning, Skírnir is also sent to dwarfs in order to have them to make the restraint Gleipnir for the purpose of binding the wolf Fenrir.
Valhalla is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, Heimskringla, also written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in stanzas of an anonymous 10th century poem commemorating the death of a Eric Bloodaxe known as Eiríksmál as compiled in Fagrskinna.
The poem is preserved whole in the Codex Regius and Hauksbók manuscripts while parts of it are quoted in the Prose Edda.
Hlín appears in a poem in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in kennings found in skaldic poetry.
The poem gives some information regarding the geographic location of Hel in parallel to the description in the Prose Edda, which may be related to the fact that it was not included in the Codex Regius but is instead a later addition.
In addition, Göndul appears within the valkyrie list in the Poetic Edda poem Völuspá, in both of the two Nafnaþulur lists found in the Prose Edda, and among the valkyries listed in Darraðarljóð.
The Nine Mothers of Heimdallr are attested in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; in the poetry of skalds ; and possibly also in a poem in the Poetic Edda, a book of poetry compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material.
Prose following the poem points out that the poem refers to Heimdallr as the son of nine mothers.
The einherjar are attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, the poem Hákonarmál ( by the 10th century skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir ) as collected in Heimskringla, and a stanza of an anonymous 10th century poem commemorating the death of Eric Bloodaxe known as Eiríksmál as compiled in Fagrskinna.
The einherjar receive a final mention in the Prose Edda in chapter 2 of the book Skáldskaparmál, where a quote from the anonymous 10th century poem Eiríksmál is provided ( see the Fagrskinna section below for more detail and another translation from another source ):
Mundilfari is attested in the Poetic Edda poem Vafþrúðnismál stanza 23, and in chapter 11 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning.
According to the Eddic poem Hymiskviða she is the mother of Týr, the poem suggests by Hymir, but the later Prose Edda states that Óðinn is his father.
His most notable misdeed was the kidnapping of the goddess Iðunn, which is related in both the Prose Edda and the skaldic poem Haustlöng.
The major sources for myths about Jörmungandr are the Prose Edda, the skaldic poem Húsdrápa, and the Eddic poems Hymiskviða and Völuspá.
While Gaston Paris argues that the Guenivere-Meleagant episode of the Prose Lancelot is an almost literal adaptation of Chrétien's poem, the Prose Lancelot can be seen as a considerable amplification of Chrétien's tale.
It is mentioned only in the Prose Edda and in the enigmatic poem Hrafnagaldur Óðins.
Prose and Poetic
The Poetic and Prose Eddas, the oldest sources for information on the Norse concept of the afterlife, vary in their description of the several realms that are described as falling under this topic.
The term Edda ( Old Norse Edda, plural Eddur ) applies to the Old Norse Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, both of which were written down in Iceland during the 13th century in Icelandic, although they contain material from earlier traditional sources, reaching into the Viking Age.
Along with the Prose Edda, the Poetic Edda is the most expansive source on Norse mythology.
Fenrir is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.
In both the Poetic Edda and Prose Edda, Fenrir is the father of the wolves Sköll and Hati Hróðvitnisson, is a son of Loki, and is foretold to kill the god Odin during the events of Ragnarök, but will in turn be killed by Odin's son Víðarr.
In the Icelandic books the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, Freyr is presented as one of the Vanir, the son of the sea god Njörðr, brother of the goddess Freyja.
Freyja is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; in the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, both written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century ; in several Sagas of Icelanders ; in the short story Sörla þáttr ; in the poetry of skalds ; and into the modern age in Scandinavian folklore, as well as the name for Friday in many Germanic languages.
They are attested in the Poetic Edda, a collection of epic poetry compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds.
Huginn and Muninn are attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; in the Third Grammatical Treatise, compiled in the 13th century by Óláfr Þórðarson ; and in the poetry of skalds.
Heimdallr is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional material ; in the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, both written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; in the poetry of skalds ; and on an Old Norse runic inscription found in England.
Hel is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.
In the Poetic Edda, Prose Edda, and Heimskringla, Hel is referred to as a daughter of Loki, and to " go to Hel " is to die.
According to the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda, the goddess Frigg made everything in existence swear never to harm Baldr, except for the mistletoe which she found too young to demand an oath from.
In both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, the goddess Skaði is responsible for placing a serpent above him while he is bound.
Loki is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson ; the Norwegian Rune Poems, in the poetry of skalds, and in Scandinavian folklore.
In various poems from the Poetic Edda ( stanza 2 of Lokasenna, stanza 41 of Hyndluljóð, and stanza 26 of Fjölsvinnsmál ), and sections of the Prose Edda ( chapter 32 of Gylfaginning, stanza 8 of Haustlöng, and stanza 1 of Þórsdrápa ) Loki is alternately referred to as Loptr, which is generally considered derived from Old Norse lopt meaning " air ", and therefore points to an association with the air.
The most important sources are the Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda.
The Poetic Edda is valuable in representing older material in poetry from which Snorri tapped information in the Prose Edda.
Njörðr is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, in euhemerized form as a beloved mythological early king of Sweden in Heimskringla, also written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century, as one of three gods invoked in the 14th century Hauksbók ring oath, and in numerous Scandinavian place names.
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