Albedo (), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo " whiteness " ( or reflected sunlight ), in turn from albus " white ", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.

The Latin author Apuleius was born in Madaurus ( Mdaourouch ), in what later became Algeria.

The English word alphabet came into Middle English from the Late Latin word alphabetum, which in turn originated in the Greek ἀλφάβητος ( alphabētos ), from alpha and beta, the first two letters of the Greek alphabet.

The earliest known alphabet in the wider sense is the Wadi el-Hol script, believed to be an abjad, which through its successor Phoenician is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including Arabic, Greek, Latin ( via the Old Italic alphabet ), Cyrillic ( via the Greek alphabet ) and Hebrew ( via Aramaic ).

The largest alphabets in the narrow sense include Kabardian and Abkhaz ( for Cyrillic ), with 58 and 56 letters, respectively, and Slovak ( for the Latin script ), with 46.

An abbot ( from Old English abbod, abbad, from Latin abbas (“ father ”), from Ancient Greek ἀββᾶς ( abbas ), from Aramaic ܐܒܐ / אבא (’ abbā, “ father ”); confer German Abt ; French abbé ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite.

Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, itself derived from the Greek arkhitekton ( arkhi -, chief + tekton, builder ), i. e. chief builder.

Latin Americans also may employ the term norteamericano ( North American ), which conflates the United States, Canada and Mexico.

This Ecumenical council declared that Jesus Christ was a distinct being of God in existence or reality ( hypostasis ), which the Latin fathers translated as persona.

Jesus was God in essence, being and or nature ( ousia ), which the Latin fathers translated as substantia.

The meat of this mollusk is considered a delicacy in certain parts of Latin America ( especially Chile ), France, New Zealand, Southeast Asia, and East Asia ( especially in China, Japan, and Korea ).

In the Catholic Church ( both the Latin Rite and Eastern Catholic ), Eastern Orthodox, Coptic and Anglican abbeys, the mode of election, position, rights, and authority of an abbess correspond generally with those of an abbot.

As a literary game when Latin was the common property of the literate, Latin anagrams were prominent: two examples are the change of " Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum " ( Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord with you ) into " Virgo serena, pia, munda et immaculata " ( Serene virgin, pious, clean and spotless ), and the anagrammatic answer to Pilate's question, " Quid est veritas?

Galileo announced his discovery that Venus had phases like the Moon in the form " Haec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur-oy " ( Latin: These immature ones have already been read in vain by me-oy ), that is, when rearranged, " Cynthiae figuras aemulatur Mater Amorum " ( Latin: The Mother of Loves Venus imitates the figures of Cynthia the moon ).

As the initial spelling on stones was ' Abrasax ' ( Αβρασαξ ), the spelling of ' Abraxas ' seen today probably originates in the confusion made between the Greek letters Sigma and Xi in the Latin transliteration.

Ammianus relates ( xvii. 1. 11 ) that much later the Emperor Julian undertook a punitive expedition against the Alemanni, who by then were in Alsace, and crossed the Main ( Latin Menus ), entering the forest, where the trails were blocked by felled trees.

Alaric II ( Gothic: Alareiks II ), also known as Alarik, Alarich, and Alarico in Spanish and Portuguese or Alaricus in Latin ( d. 507 ) succeeded his father Euric as king of the Visigoths in Toulouse on December 28, 484.

An exception to this general tendency is his Latin treatise " De falconibus " ( later inserted in the larger work, De Animalibus, as book 23, chapter 40 ), in which he displays impressive actual knowledge of a ) the differences between the birds of prey and the other kinds of birds ; b ) the different kinds of falcons ; c ) the way of preparing them for the hunt ; and d ) the cures for sick and wounded falcons.

The Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum, preserved in Old English in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge ( Manuscript 383 ), and in a Latin compilation known as Quadripartitus, was negotiated later, perhaps in 879 or 880, when King Ceolwulf II of Mercia was deposed.

Afonso II (; English Alphonzo ), or Affonso ( Archaic Portuguese ), Alfonso or Alphonso ( Portuguese-Galician ) or Alphonsus ( Latin version ), nicknamed " the Fat " ( Portuguese o Gordo ), King of Portugal, was born in Coimbra on 23 April 1185 and died on 25 March 1223 in the same city.

During the early 1960s, while also active in ASCII standardization, IBM simultaneously introduced in its product line of System / 360 the 8-bit Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC ), an expansion of their 6-bit binary-coded decimal ( BCDIC ) representation used in earlier card punches.

Mature versions of the Commodore, SWTPC, Atari and Apple home computer systems all featured a disk operating system ( actually called ' DOS ' in the case of the Commodore 64 ( CBM DOS ), Atari 800 ( Atari DOS ), and Apple II machines ( Apple DOS )), as did ( at the other end of the hardware spectrum, and much earlier ) IBM's System / 360, 370 and ( later ) 390 series of mainframes ( e. g., DOS / 360: Disk Operating System / 360 and DOS / VSE: Disk Operating System / Virtual Storage Extended ).

* Extended placement: full episodes of television talkshows ( Oprah ), entertainment news programs ( ET ), or network news programs ( 20 / 20 ), devoted to compensated exposure of the film, stars, clips, director, etc.

The REO portion of the show was released again under three separate titles: Live-Plus ( 2001 ), Live Plus 3 ( 2001 ) and Extended Versions ( 2001 )( which was certified Gold by the RIAA on 4 / 26 / 2006 ).

The Extended Range Interceptor ( ERINT ) program was part of SDI's Theater Missile Defense Program and was an extension of the Flexible Lightweight Agile Guided Experiment ( FLAGE ), which included developing hit-to-kill technology and demonstrating the guidance accuracy of a small, agile, radar-homing vehicle.

* 90377 Sedna, a distant object, proposed for a new category named Extended scattered disc ( E-SDO ), detached objects, Distant Detached Objects ( DDO ) or Scattered-Extended in the formal classification by DES.

While C4, formerly known as EXPO ( Extended Range Poseidon ), is just an improved version of Poseidon C-3 missile, Trident II D-5 has completely new design ( although with some technologies adopted from C-4 ).

" Extended Sympathy and the Possibility of Social Choice ", American Economic Review, 67 ( 1 ), p p. 219-225.

* Extended Data Services ( now XDS ), a standard for the delivery of metadata on NTSC video signals

In The Two Towers ( 2002 ), Boromir appears in the theatrical version only briefly during the beginning flashback sequence of Gandalf's fight with the Balrog in Moria, and he appears twice in the Extended Edition, both times as flashbacks that were not shown previously in the films.

The Basic PDS 7. x version of the IDE was called QuickBASIC Extended ( QBX ), and it only ran on DOS, unlike the rest of Basic PDS 7. x, which also ran on OS / 2.

* RS-274X Extended Gerber Format Specification ( Revision G ), Ucamco December 2010

These include RTCP Extended Report ( RFC 3611 ), SIP RTCP Summary Reports, H. 460. 9 Annex B ( for H. 323 ), H. 248. 30 and MGCP extensions.

* J. M. Sixdeniers, K. A. Penson, A. I. Solomon, Extended Bell and Stirling Numbers From Hypergeometric Exponentiation ( 2001 ), Journal of Integer Sequences, 4, Article 01. 1. 4.

STS-107 carried the SPACEHAB Double Research Module on its inaugural flight, the Freestar experiment ( mounted on a Hitchhiker Program rack ), and the Extended Duration Orbiter pallet.

This emulator, named NetBIOS Extended User Interface ( NetBEUI ), expanded the base NetBIOS API with, among other things, the ability to deal with the greater node capacity of token ring.

When Ingeborg Bachmann, with whom Celan had an affair, won the Group's prize for her collection Die gestundete Zeit ( The Extended Hours ), Celan ( whose work had received only six votes ) said " After the meeting, only six people remembered my name ".

According to the project Application Manager during the project, Acorn was developing for it, Compiler for Acorn Modula-2 Extended Language ( CAMEL in Modula-2 +) bootstrapping from an Acorn Extended Modula-2 ( AEM2 ) compiler ( ported from Modula-2 ETH using Econet hardware ), though never released externally, it was ported to use it in SUN Unix machines, in an effort to port Sun's workstations Sun NeWS to the Archimedes, and after Olivetti bought out Acorn, developed a compiler based on CAMEL for the Modula-3 programming Language.

" Extended Abstracts of the 2004 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ( pp. 1598 – 1599 ), Vienna, Austria.

* Sound Patterns for mixed chorus ( 1961 ), awarded the Gaudeamus International Composers Award in 1962, available on Extended Voices ( Odyssey 32 16 ) 0156 and 20th Century Choral Music ( Ars Nova AN-1005 )

This process whereby an actor rerecords lines spoken during filming in order to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes is called Automated Dialogue Replacement ( ADR ), also known as Additional Dialogue Recording.

Automated Dialogue Replacement, or Additional Dialogue Recording ( ADR ), is the process of re-recording the original dialogue after the filming process for the purpose of obtaining a cleaner, more intelligible dialogue track ( also known as " looping " or a " looping session ").

Additional signs are used to indicate embellishments and microtones ( pitch changes smaller than a semitone ), both essential in Byzantine chant ( see Romanian anastasimatarion picture, left ).

Additional registers would require sizeable chip or board areas which, at the time ( 1975 ), could be made available if the complexity of the CPU logic was reduced.

Additional sources include V. pompona and V. tahitiensis ( grown in Tahiti and Niue ), although the vanillin content of these species is much less than V. planifolia.

Additional significant trends of the 1980s include Headbands, Ray-Ban Aviator sunglasses ( popularized in the film " Top Gun "), Ray-Ban Wayfarer sunglasses ( popularized in the films " Risky Business " and " The Blues Brothers "), Swatch watches, Slap bracelets ( popular fad among children, pre-teens and teenagers in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was available in a wide variety of patterns and colors ), and the Rubik's Cube ( became a popular fad throughout the decade ).

In Poland's Sejm and Germany's Bundestag ( elected through the Additional member system ), this threshold is 5 % ( or 3 constituency seats in the Bundestag, but directly won constituencies are kept, regardless ).

Additional Oscars go to Alec Guinness ( Best Actor ) and David Lean ( Best Director ), among others.

Additional problems for ONdigital were caused by the choice of 64QAM broadcast mode, coupled with far weaker than expected broadcast power, ( meaning that the signal was weak in many areas ), a complex pricing structure ( comprising many menu options ), a poor quality subscriber management system ( badly adapted from Canal +), a paper magazine TV guide whereas BSkyB had provided an electronic programme guide ( EPG ), insufficient technical customer services, and much signal piracy.

* Additional certifiers include IMO ( Fair for Life, Social and Fair Trade labels ), Eco-Social and Fair Trade USA.

Additional bases are the preliminary base ( square base ), fish base, waterbomb base, and the frog base.

As no president of the Executive Yuan ( also known as the Premier ) has ever succeeded to the presidency under these provisions ( or their predecessors, under Article 49 ), it is untested whether, should the office of the premier be vacant as well, whether, pursuant to the Additional Articles, Article 3, the vice president of the Executive Yuan ( vice premier ), who would be acting premier, would act as president.

Additional performances in film include King of the Gypsies ( 1978 ), Tempest ( 1982 ), Compromising Positions ( 1985 ), Little Women ( 1994 ), Stepmom ( 1998 ), Anywhere but Here ( 1999 ), Cradle Will Rock ( 1999 ), The Banger Sisters ( 2002 ), Shall We Dance ( 2004 ), Alfie ( 2004 ), Romance & Cigarettes ( 2005 ), Elizabethtown ( 2005 ) and Enchanted ( 2007 ).