When his second wife died in 1831 after a long illness, one of his daughters, Therese, took over the household and cared for Gauss until the end of his life.

Several other experiments followed, with André-Marie Ampère, who in 1820 discovered that the magnetic field circulating in a closed-path was related to the current flowing through the perimeter of the path ; Carl Friedrich Gauss ; Jean-Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart, both of which in 1820 came up with the Biot-Savart Law giving an equation for the magnetic field from a current-carrying wire ; Michael Faraday, who in 1831 found that a time-varying magnetic flux through a loop of wire induced a voltage, and others finding further links between magnetism and electricity.

Gauss a letter to Schumacher, 12 July 1831 )

To this discrimination Vincenzo Brunacci ( 1810 ), Carl Friedrich Gauss ( 1829 ), Siméon Poisson ( 1831 ), Mikhail Ostrogradsky ( 1834 ), and Carl Jacobi ( 1837 ) have been among the contributors.

Gauss proved in 1831 that these packings have the highest density amongst all possible lattice packings.

Experimentation by Faraday in 1831 revealed that a wire moving perpendicular to a magnetic field developed a potential difference between its ends.

A village named Shirland, to be located on Section 25 ( near the present-day Olde Mill Golf Course ), was platted and recorded in 1831, but it never developed.

Madison Avenue was not part of the original New York City street grid established in the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811, and was carved between Park Avenue ( formerly Fourth ) and Fifth Avenue in 1836, due to the effort of lawyer and real estate developer Samuel B. Ruggles, a graduate of Yale University who had previously purchased and developed New York's Gramercy Park in 1831, who was in part responsible for the development of Union Square, and who also named Lexington Avenue.

The Vulcan Foundry was opened in 1831 and later developed into one of the world's foremost locomotive manufacturers.

The winning proposal from an architectural competition in the late 1880s was further developed by the architect Helgo Zettervall ( 1831 – 1907 ) assisted by Aron Johansson ( 1860 – 1936 ).

* Heythrop Park, developed as the family seat in 1700 – 1705 ; burnt down in 1831 and sold in 1870

From its origins as a secret sealers ' haven Otago Harbour developed into a busy international whaling port after the Weller brothers established their whaling station at Te Umu Kuri, Wellers Rock, at what is now called Otakou in November 1831.

Giuseppe Belli, in 1831, developed a simple symmetrical doubler which consisted of two curved metal plates between which revolved a pair of plates carried on an insulating stem.

It was developed in the United Kingdom as a brand in the year 1831 and was later introduced to the United States by G. F. Heublein and (&) Bros., and was officially registered as a trademark in North America in 1895.

At his return to Cairo in 1831 Linant was named chief engineer of the public works of Upper Egypt, a position that associated him in a long and fruitful carteer with most of the great works of modernizing Egypt's network of irrigation canals, the grand levées along the Nile.

The latter having abruptly retired from the collaboration, Halévy was at a loss how to carry out the contract, when on the steps of the theatre he met Henri Meilhac ( 1831 – 1897 ), then comparatively a stranger to him.

Among his works may be distinguished his comedies: Projets de sagesse ( 1811 ), and, in collaboration with Emile Deschamps, Selmours de Florian ( 1818 ), which ran for a hundred nights ; also La Reine d ' Espagne ( 1831 ), which proved too indecent for the public taste ; a novel, Fragoletta ou Naples et Paris en 1799 ( 1829 ), which attained a success of notoriety ; La Vallée aux loups ( 1833 ), a volume of prose essays and verse ; and two volumes of poems, Les Adieus, ( 1843 ) and Les Agrestes ( 1844 ).

He obtained his first success in collaboration with Charles Desnoyer in Émile, ou le fils d ' un pair de France ( 1831 ), a drama which was the first of a series of some two hundred pieces written alone or in collaboration with other dramatists.

After producing a Vindication of the English Constitution, and some political pamphlets, Disraeli followed up Vivian Grey with a series of novels, The Young Duke ( 1831 ), Contarini Fleming ( 1832 ), Alroy ( 1833 ), Venetia and Henrietta Temple ( 1837 ).

Work was also progressing on the northern half of the West Wing ( The Egyptian Sculpture Gallery ) 1826 – 1831, with Montagu House demolished in 1842 to make room for the final part of the West Wing, completed in 1846, and the South Wing with its great colonnade, initiated in 1843 and completed in 1847, when the Front Hall and Great Staircase were opened to the public.

From May 1827 to September 1831, with the exception of brief interventions by Freire, the presidency was occupied by Francisco Antonio Pinto, Freire's former vice president.

Its first meeting was held at York in 1831 ; and Brewster, along with Babbage and Sir John F. W. Herschel, had the chief part in shaping its constitution.

The two groups united at High Street Meeting House, Lexington, Kentucky, with a handshake between Barton W. Stone and " Raccoon " John Smith, on Saturday, December 31, 1831.

His elder brother Henry, who had been in ill health in part due to problems with alcoholism, died on August 1, 1831.

In April, the officers were acquitted of all charges, and on 9 May 1831, a banquet was held in their honor, with many illustrious people present, such as Alexandre Dumas.

* 1831 – The Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, the first removal treaty in accordance with the Indian Removal Act, is proclaimed.

William Everdell, for example, has argued that modernism began in the 1870s, when metaphorical ( or ontological ) continuity began to yield to the discrete with mathematician Richard Dedekind's ( 1831 – 1916 ) Dedekind cut, and Ludwig Boltzmann's ( 1844 – 1906 ) statistical thermodynamics.

Masurians showed considerable support for the Polish uprising in 1831, and maintained many contacts with Russian-held areas of Poland beyond the border of Prussia, the areas being connected by common culture and language ; before the uprising people visited each other's country fairs and much trade took placw, with smuggling also widespread Some early writers about Masurians-like Max Toeppen-postulated them as mediators between German and Slav cultures.

The third figure was the Russian Helena Blavatsky ( 1831 – 1891 ), one of the founders of the Theosophical Society, through which she propagated her religious movement of Theosophy, which itself combined a number of elements from Eastern religions like Hinduism and Buddhism with Western elements.

By early 1831, with order restored, Panama reincorporated itself to what was left of the republic-forming a territory now slightly larger than present day Panama and Colombia combined-which by then had adopted the name of Republic of New Granada.

In 1831, after independence, each province started organizing its local " military police ", with order maintenance tasks.

* On 27 December 1831, set off from anchorage in the Barn Pool, under Mount Edgecumbe on the west side of Plymouth Sound, on her second survey voyage, captained by Robert FitzRoy with Charles Darwin on board.

Those afflicted with leprosy were historically isolated from society, the attempts to check the invasion of syphilis in northern Europe about 1490, the advent of yellow fever in Spain at the beginning of the nineteenth century and the arrival of Asiatic cholera in 1831.

Two events helped to increase whisky's popularity: first, a new production process was introduced in 1831 called Coffey or Patent Still ( see in section below ); the whisky produced with this process was less intense and smoother.

Natural theology strongly influenced British science, with the expectation as expressed by Adam Sedgwick in 1831 that truths revealed by science could not conflict with the moral truths of religion.

In 1831, the Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores.

* January 7 – anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on the voyage of 1831 – 1836 with Charles Darwin.

The Academy started to publish annual reports in physics and chemistry ( 1826 ), technology ( 1827 ), botany ( 1831 ), and zoology ( 1832 ).

Peter Guthrie Tait FRSE ( 28 April 1831 – 4 July 1901 ) was a Scottish mathematical physicist, best known for the seminal energy physics textbook Treatise on Natural Philosophy, which he co-wrote with Kelvin, and his early investigations into knot theory, which contributed to the eventual formation of topology as a mathematical discipline.

Therefore he had a first-rate education in experimental science when in 1831 he was appointed lecturer in physics and technology at the University of Berlin.

His son Heinrich Ludwig Planck ( 1785 – 1831 ), also professor of theology at Göttingen, published Bemerkungen über den ersten Brief an den Timotheus ( 1808 ) and Abriss d. philos.

In 1831 Heinrich Ewald was promoted to professor ordinarius in philosophy ; in 1833 he became a member of the Royal Scientific Society, and in 1835, after Tychsen's death, he entered the faculty of theology, taking the chair of Oriental languages.

In 1828 Lardner was elected professor of natural philosophy and astronomy at University College, London, a position he held until he resigned his professorship in 1831.

In addition to his studies, he became a professor of Latin in 1829 and a prefect of discipline in 1831.

The son of a bricklayer he rose to the top of his profession, becoming professor of architecture at the Royal Academy, an official architect to the Office of Works and received a knighthood in 1831.

After graduating from Harvard, he remained as a tutor ( 1829 ), and was subsequently appointed professor of mathematics in 1831.

In 1831 they were taken to St. Petersburg, where they were accidentally discovered in 1890 by the renowned professor of Polish, Aleksander Brückner.

Daniell was born in London, and in 1831 became the first professor of chemistry at the newly founded King's College London.

Schlözer's son Christian ( 1774 – 1831 ) was a professor at Bonn, and published Anfangsgründe der Staatswirthschaft ( 1804 – 1806 ) and his father's Öffentliches und Privat-Leben aus Originalurkunden ( 1828 ).

Three years later he became professor of natural history in Bonn, where he established the Botanische Gärten der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, and in 1831 he was appointed to the chair of botany at the university of Breslau.

From 1831 to 1846 he was professor of Greek at Yale.

Born at Parma, in 1824 he was appointed professor at the local University but was compelled to escape to France after taking part in the revolution of 1831.

Leopold Ackermann ( 17 November 1771, Vienna – 9 September 1831 ), known by his cloistral name as Petrus Fourerius, was a professor of exegesis.

Returning to Germany in 1831 Neumann was made professor of Armenian and Chinese in the university of Munich.

* Samuel Miller ( theologian ) ( 1769 – 1850 ), professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and author of The Ruling Elder ( 1831 )

In 1807 he was appointed teacher of mathematics at Lund University, in 1812 appointed professor of botany and natural sciences, and was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1817, and of the Swedish Academy in 1831.

Returning to Königsberg in 1831 he established himself as a Privatdozent in Roman law, becoming two years later extraordinary, and in 1836 ordinary, professor in the faculty of the university.

After studying at Bologna, he became professor of mathematics at Modena, and in 1831 was appointed inspector-general of studies in the Duchy of Modena.

Josef ( Joseph ) August Schultes ( 15 April 1773 in Vienna-21 April 1831 in Landshut ) was an Austrian botanist and professor from Vienna.

In 1831 he became assistant professor and afterwards honorary professor of geology to the faculty of sciences of the Sorbonne.

In 1831 he was elected professor of the principles and practice of physic in London University ( now University College London ), and in 1834 he became physician to University College Hospital.

Another important name in the history of the Museum is the zoologist, paleontologist and archaeologist Sven Nilsson, who brought the previously disorganised zoological collections of the Museum into order during his time as keeper ( 1828 – 1831 ) before returning to Lund as professor.

In 1823 he was appointed lecturer at Copenhagen University on chemistry and mineralogy ; in 1829 he obtained a similar post in the newly established polytechnic school ; and in 1831 he was appointed professor of mineralogy in the university, and in 1848 became curator of the geological museum.