The term esbat in this sense was described by Margaret Murray.

Erroneously believing the coven to be a survival of the pre-Christian Witch-Cult discussed in the works of Margaret Murray, he decided to revive the faith, supplementing the coven's rituals with ideas borrowed from Freemasonry, ceremonial magic and the writings of Aleister Crowley to form the Gardnerian tradition of Wicca.

Subsequent research by the likes of Hutton and Heselton has shown that in fact the New Forest coven was probably only formed in the early 20th century, based upon such sources as folk magic and the theories of Margaret Murray.

The pioneers of the various Wiccan or Witchcraft traditions, such as Gerald Gardner, Doreen Valiente and Robert Cochrane, all claimed that their religion was a continuation of the pagan religion of the Witch-Cult following historians who had purported the Witch-Cult's existence, such as Jules Michelet and Margaret Murray.

Margaret Murray had mentioned this information in her 1933 book The God of the Witches, and Hutton theorised that Alex Sanders had taken it from there, enjoying the fact that he shared his name with the ancient Macedonian emperor.

Following the writings of suffragist Matilda Joslyn Gage and others, Margaret Murray, in her 1921 book The Witch-Cult in Western Europe, proposed the theory that the witches of the early-modern period were remnants of a pagan cult and that the Christian Church had declared the god of the witches was in fact the Devil.

Margaret Alice Murray ( 13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963 ) was a prominent British Egyptologist and anthropologist.

Margaret Murray was born in Calcutta, India on 13 July 1863.

Margaret Murray accompanied the renowned Egyptologist Sir William Flinders Petrie, on several archaeological excavations in Egypt and Palestine during the late 1890s.

Ten years later and having reached 100 years of age, Margaret Murray published her final work, an autobiography entitled My First Hundred Years ( 1963 ).

Later commenting on A Razor for a Goat, Richard Kieckhefer noted that when the book was first published " it was recognised as a biting critique of the views of Margaret Murray … Now, forty years later, Rose's book may perhaps seem more of a revisionist work within Murray's school of interpretation.

In 1994, folklorist Jacqueline Simpson published an article in the Folklore journal entitled " Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her, and Why?

" in which she took a particularly critical approach to the Murrayite theory, explaining its faults, and looking at the history of the hypotheses ' criticism ; within it she remarked that " No British folklorist can remember Dr Margaret Murray without embarrassment.

In the 1920s Margaret Murray theorized that a Witchcraft religion existed underground and in secret, and had survived through the witchcraft prosecutions that had been enacted by the ecclesiastical and secular courts.

Thus, Wicca in particular is sometimes referred to by its proponents as " The Old Religion ", a term popularised by Margaret Murray in the 1920s, while Germanic neopaganism is referred to in some of its varieties as Forn Sed (" Old Custom ").

These included ceremonial magic, folk magic, Romanticist literature, Freemasonry, and the historical theories of the English archaeologist Margaret Murray.

Another view is that Robin Hood's origins must be sought in folklore or mythology ; Despite the frequent Christian references in the early ballads, Robin Hood has been claimed for the pagan witch-cult supposed by Margaret Murray to have existed in medieval Europe.

In 1893 Washington married Margaret James Murray.

The word coven remained largely unused in English until 1921 when Margaret Murray promoted the idea, now much disputed, that all witches across Europe met in groups of thirteen which they called " covens ".

South Australia is famed for the above mentioned Barossa Valley ; in Western Australia the Swan Valley, Margaret River and Manjimup regions, as well as Broome in the north ; Victoria is famed for the Murray River regions and the Mornington Peninsula.

In 1933, the Egyptologist Margaret Murray published the book, The God of the Witches, in which she theorised that Pan was merely one form of a horned god who was worshipped across Europe by a witch-cult.

From the 1970s, these ideas were taken up by popular writers of second-wave feminism and expanded with the speculations of Margaret Murray on witchcraft, by the Goddess movement, and in feminist Wicca, as well as in works by Elizabeth Gould Davis, Riane Eisler, and Merlin Stone.

Drawing upon the work of Margaret Murray and Robert Graves, Stone postulates a prehistoric matriarchal religion, painting ancient societies, including Ancient Egypt as matriarchal paradises, destroyed by the patriarchal Indo-Europeans.

Hordern was born in The Poplars, an 18th century townhouse in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, the son of Margaret Emily ( Murray ) and Capt.

* 1172 – Henry the Young King and Margaret of France are crowned as junior king and queen of England.

* 1503 – King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland.

* 1886 – Margaret Woodrow Wilson, American daughter of Woodrow Wilson ( d. 1944 )

* 1473 – Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury ( d. 1541 )

* 1572 – Marriage in Paris, France of the Huguenot King Henry IV of Navarre to Margaret of Valois, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics.

* 1930 – Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon ( d. 2002 )

# Margaret ( 28 February 1261 – 9 April 1283 ), who married King Eirik II of Norway

* 1511 – St John's College, Cambridge, England, founded by Lady Margaret Beaufort, receives its charter.

* 1945 – Margaret Hassan, Irish aid worker ( d. 2004 )

* 1566 – Two-hundred Dutch noblemen, led by Hendrik van Brederode, force themselves into the presence of Margaret of Parma and present the Petition of Compromise, denouncing the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands.

* The Annotated C ++ Reference Manual by Margaret A. Ellis & Bjarne Stroustrup – Addison-Wesley Pub Co ; ( January 1, 1990 ); ISBN 0-201-51459-1

* The Real Story of Here Comes the Bride ( 1992 ) – Margaret Mouse ( voice )

* 1673 – Margaret Cavendish, English writer ( b. 1623 )

* 1660 – A woman ( either Margaret Hughes or Anne Marshall ) appears on an English public stage for the first time, in the role of Desdemona in a production of Shakespeare's play Othello.

* 1901 – Margaret Mead, American anthropologist ( d. 1978 )

* 1968 – Margaret Cho, American comedian and actress

* 1993 – Margaret Landon, American writer ( b. 1903 )

* 1530 – Margaret of Austria, Regent of the Netherlands ( b. 1480 )

David Brewster was born at the Canongate in Jedburgh, Roxburghshire to Margaret Key ( 1753 – 1790 ) and James Brewster ( c. 1735 – 1815 ), the rector of Jedburgh Grammar School and a teacher of high reputation.

* Margaret Maria Gordon ( 1823 – 1907 ) wrote a book on Brewster, which is considered the most comprehensive description of his life.

* 1902 – Margaret Hamilton, American actress ( d. 1985 )

* 1897 – Margaret Chase Smith, American politician ( d. 1995 )

She had three children, Louisa ( 1873 – 1943 ), Margaret ( 1874 – 1875 ), who died of meningitis, and Alan ( 1877 – 1952 ).