Writing a little later, Tertullian makes the same main point but adds expressly that recently founded churches ( such as his own in Carthage ) could be considered apostolic if they had " derived the tradition of faith and the seeds of doctrine " from an apostolic church.

However, inadequately supported by his Italian allies, abandoned by his government ( either because of jealousy or simply because Carthage was overstretched ), and unable to match Rome ’ s resources, Hannibal slowly began losing ground, never able to bring about another grand decisive victory that could produce a lasting strategic change.

Rome could use Sicilian markets, Carthage could buy and sell goods at Rome, and slaves taken by Carthage from allies of Rome were to be set free.

Three possible ways of introduction in about the early first millennium AD could have been through the Egyptian Nile Valley, the East Africa Roman-Greek or Indian trade, or from Carthage and the Berbers, across the Sahara.

In Carthage, crucifixion was an established mode of execution, which could even be imposed on generals for suffering a major defeat.

Gisco sensibly sent the troops to Carthage in small groups with intervals in between so the government could pay them off without trouble.

* Marcus Livius, member of the plenipotentiary board sent to Carthage after the fall of Saguntum in 219 BC to inquire if Hannibal's attack on it had been authorized and declare war if Hannibal could not be brought to justice.

According to the terms of the treaty signed between Scipio and Carthage, Carthage could keep its African territory, but would lose its overseas empire, by that time a fait-accompli.

When Rome waged a Third Punic War on Carthage 70 years later, the Carthaginians had little power, and could not even defeat the by-then very aged Masinissa in Africa.

He offered rewards to the local Punic and Berber tribes for every Roman head they could bring, and sent agents to Carthage to attempt to have Belisarius's Hun mercenaries — vital to his success at Ad Decimum — betray him.

The Romans, who had defeated Carthage but were still a society of peasants, saw in Hellenistic cities that daily life could be more comfortable than theirs.

War elephants correspondingly were also heavily armored much like cataphracts, particularly those fielded by the Seleucid Empire, Ancient Carthage and the Persian Empires ( see Persian war elephants ), who incorporated scale armor and large-crested howdahs ( or large carriages mounted directly on the back ) onto the elephants, which effectively turned them into mobile missile platforms that could also charge enemy positions.

Taking control of Messana allowed them to decrease Syracuse's power and since Carthage already controlled North Africa, parts of Spain, Sardinia, and some small islands in the Mediterranean, control of Messana could lead to the conquest of Sicily.

Joseph F. Smith stated as an adult that he had memories of Nauvoo, and could recall his uncle, the prophet Joseph Smith, and events that occurred at his uncle's home ; he was nearly six years old when on June 27, 1844, Joseph's uncle and father were killed by vigilantes in Carthage, Illinois.

However, delays by the Carthaginian government, and a belief that the mercenaries could be convinced to settle for less than their agreed wages, resulted in the eventual gathering of most of the mercenary armies near Carthage.

When Hanno the Great met with officers from the mercenary companies, he rejected their demands, claiming that Carthage could not possibly pay such an exorbitant sum due to her post-war indemnities to Rome.

However, it was in Rome's self-interest for Carthage to achieve stability and to recover economically so it could continue paying the indemnities imposed after the First Punic War.

Its composite construction meant that early versions of the scutum could fail from a heavy cutting or piercing blow which was experienced in the Roman Campaigns against Carthage and Dacia where the Falx and Falcata could easily penetrate and rip through the scutum.

In Virgil's account of Dido's founding of Carthage, when Dido and her party were encamped at Byrsa, the local Berber chieftain offered them as much land as could be covered with a single oxhide.

217 bishops assembled in a council at Carthage in 535 submitted to John II a decision about whether bishops who had lapsed into Arianism should, on repentance, keep their rank or be admitted only to lay communion.

These terms are so harsh that the people of Carthage resolve to keep fighting.

The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity.

Hamilcar had to promise considerable rewards to keep the morale of his army up, which was to near fatal problems for Carthage later on.

In 387 or 390, or according to others in 400, a Council of Carthage decreed that bishops, priests and deacons abstain from conjugal relations: " It is fitting that the holy bishops and priests of God as well as the Levites, i. e. those who are in the service of the divine sacraments, observe perfect continence, so that they may obtain in all simplicity what they are asking from God ; what the Apostles taught and what antiquity itself observed, let us also endeavour to keep ...

The growth of the population of ancient civilizations, the formation of ancient empires concentrating political power, and the growth in commerce and manufacturing led to ever greater capital cities and centres of commerce and industry, with Alexandria, Antioch and Seleucia of the Hellenistic civilization, Pataliputra ( now Patna ) in India, Chang ' an ( now Xi ' an ) in China, Carthage, ancient Rome, its eastern successor Constantinople ( later Istanbul ).

At the beginning of the First Punic War, Rome had virtually no experience in naval warfare, whereas Carthage had a great deal of experience on the seas thanks to its centuries of sea-based trade.

The addition of the corvus forced Carthage to review its military tactics, and since the city had difficulty in doing so, Rome had the naval advantage.

Seeking a swifter end to the war than the long sieges in Sicily would have provided, Rome decided to invade the Carthaginian colonies of Africa and usurp Carthage's supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea, consequently forcing Carthage to accept its terms.

Carthage lost most of its fleet and was economically incapable of funding another, or of finding manpower for the crews.

Consequently, Carthage was able to reinforce and re-supply its besieged strongholds, especially Lilybaeum, on the western end of Sicily.

The terms of the Treaty of Lutatius designed by the Romans were particularly heavy for Carthage, which had lost bargaining power following its defeat at the Aegates islands.

Carthage, seeking to make up for the recent territorial losses and a plentiful source of silver to pay the large indemnity owed to Rome, turned its attention to Iberia, and in 237 BC the Carthaginians, led by Hamilcar Barca, began a series of campaigns to expand their control over the peninsula.

As a result of the recent losses, Carthage endeavors to strengthen its garrisons in Sicily and recapture Agrigentum.

In North Africa the former Phoenician colony of Carthage rose to dominate its surroundings with an empire that contained many of the former Phoenician holdings.

Both the Greeks and the Phoenicians colonized North African soil, and Punic civilization emerged, although its central city of Carthage was not in present-day Libya but in neighboring Tunisia.

Hannibal lived during a period of great tension in the Mediterranean, when the Roman Republic established its supremacy over other great powers such as Carthage, the Hellenistic kingdoms of Macedon, Syracuse, and the Seleucid empire.

Carthage at the time was in such a poor state that its navy was unable to transport his army to Iberia ( Hispania ); instead, Hamilcar had to march it towards the Pillars of Hercules and transport it across the Strait of Gibraltar ( present-day Morocco / Spain ).

Also, Carthage was to reduce its fleet and pay a war indemnity.

After gradual decline of its strength, Phoenician city states on the Lebanese coast were conquered outright by the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia, which organized it as a satrapy, though many of Phoenician colonies continued their independent existence-most notably Carthage.

By the 5th century BC, Carthage had extended its hegemony across much of North Africa.

" From its earliest beginnings, Christianity spread much more quickly in major urban areas ( like Antioch, Alexandria, Carthage, Corinth, Rome ) than in the countryside ( in fact, the early church was almost entirely urban ), and soon the word for " country dweller " became synonymous with someone who was " not a Christian ," giving rise to the modern meaning of " pagan.

Instead, Carthage relied mostly on mercenaries, especially the indigenous Numidian Berbers, to fight its wars.

Carthage spent the years following the war improving its finances and expanding its colonial empire in Hispania under the militaristic Barcid family.

The Barcid Empire was strongly influenced by the Hellenistic kingdoms of the time and for example, contrary to Carthage, it minted silver coins in its short time of existence.

With no military, Carthage suffered raids from its neighbor Numidia.

After some fifty years of this condition, Carthage had managed to discharge its war indemnity to Rome, and considered itself no longer bound by the restrictions of the treaty, although Rome believed otherwise.