On the one hand, the major European nations had to maintain vis-a-vis each other an emphasis upon sovereignty, independence, formal equality -- thus insuring for themselves individually an optimal freedom of action to maintain the `` flexibility of alignment '' that the system required and to avoid anything approaching a repetition of the disastrous Napoleonic experience.

On his part, Emmerich de Vattel argued instead for the equality of states as articulated by 18th century natural law and suggested that the law of nations was composed of custom and law on the one hand, and natural law on the other.

that nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference which can be traced back to the Atlantic Charter, signed on 14 August 1941, by Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States of America, and Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom pledged The Eight Principal points of the Charter.

Norway also ranked 2nd in a study conducted by World Economic Forum on the gender gap in 58 nations based on measuring the level of equality with men in five areas: Economic participation, economic opportunity, political empowerment, educational attainment, and health and well-being.

This will respect universal human rights, and those of all citizens-men and women-of all nations and the environment and will rest on democratic international systems and institutions at the service of social justice, equality and the sovereignty of peoples.

# The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance.

This natural equality applied to all men in all nations, and thus the differences in national characteristics were not the result of innate differences between the people therein, but rather a byproduct of the system education and government.

He opposed Austro-Hungarian dualism in favour of federalism and the equality of all the nations making up the empire.

Among the more important legislative changes with which he was principally connected were a reform of the Navigation Acts, admitting other nations to a full equality and reciprocity of shipping duties ; the repeal of the labor laws ; the introduction of a new sinking fund ; the reduction of the duties on manufactures and on the importation of foreign goods, and the repeal of the quarantine duties.

In an effort to reinforce his position, Gheorghiu-Dej pledged cooperation with any state, regardless of political-economic system, as long as it recognized international equality and did not interfere in other nations ' domestic affairs.

The Brazilian delegation was led by the statesman Ruy Barbosa, whose contribution was essential for the defense of the principle of legal equality of nations.

There is no " formal linking " between equality of opportunity and political structure, according to one view, in the sense that there can be equality of opportunity in democracies, autocracies, and in communist nations, although it is primarily associated with a competitive market economy and embedded within the legal frameworks of democratic societies.

In nations where equality of opportunity is absent, it can negatively impact economic growth, according to some views ; one report in Al Jazeera suggested that Egypt, Tunisia, and other Middle Eastern nations were stagnating economically in part because of a dearth of equal opportunity.

" The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations ; this agreement would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish relations abroad — in other words, sovereignty — and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency ; any change in political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular approval through another referendum ; on these terms, do you give the Government of Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and Canada?

In 2002, Shriver was a co-founder – with U2 lead singer Bono – of DATA ( Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa ), a multinational, non-government organization whose purpose is to obtain social equality and justice for Africa through debt relief ; adjust trade rules which burden Africa ; eliminate the African AIDS epidemic ; and strengthen democracy with more accountability by the wealthiest nations and African leaders with transparency towards the people.

Francia believed the states of Latin America should form a confederation based on equality of nations and joint defense.

In this capacity, he fought for the preservation of stable borders through the maintenance of peace, for good relations between both large and small neighbouring states, for the respect of the sovereignty and equality of all nations in the international community, for collective security, and the prevention of aggression.

Characteristic of the national relations in our country are both the continued flourishing of the nations and nationalities and the fact that they are steadily and voluntarily drawing closer together on the basis of equality and fraternal cooperation.

For years, the British compelled weaker nations to render the first salute ; but in time, international practice compelled " gun for gun " on the principle of equality of nations.

His most important intellectual contributions include Just and Unjust Wars, a revitalization of just war theory that insists on the importance of ethics in wartime while eschewing pacifism ; the theory of " complex equality ," which holds that the metric of just equality is not some single material or moral good, but rather that egalitarian justice demands that each good be distributed according to its social meaning, and that no good ( like money or political power ) be allowed to dominate or distort the distribution of goods in other spheres ; and an argument that justice is primarily a moral standard within particular nations and societies, not one that can be developed in a universalized abstraction.

"; others, however, some being Anglophones who wish to sound modern and Westernised ( or were raised in an almost exclusively English-speaking family environment ), or some who advocate gender equality, would dispense with the distinction altogether.

Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus, who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men.

These included resentment of royal absolutism ; resentment by peasants, laborers and the bourgeoisie toward the traditional seigneurial privileges possessed by the nobility ; resentment of the Church's influence over public policy and institutions ; aspirations for freedom of religion ; resentment of aristocratic bishops by the poorer rural clergy ; aspirations for social, political and economic equality, and ( especially as the Revolution progressed ) republicanism ; hatred of Queen Marie-Antoinette, who was falsely accused of being a spendthrift and an Austrian spy ; and anger toward the King for firing finance minister Jacques Necker, among others, who were popularly seen as representatives of the people.

In addition, there was an insistence on women being allowed to participate in the Order in " perfect equality " with men, in contrast to the S. R. I. A.

The sociologist Regina Oboler examined the role of gender in the U. S. Pagan community, arguing that although the movement had been constant in its support for the equality of men and women ever since its foundation, there was still an essentialist view of gender engrained within it, with female deities being accorded traditional western feminine traits and male deities being similarly accorded what western society saw as masculine traits.

Eysenck left Nazi Germany to live in Britain, and was not shy in attacking Stalinist ' communism ' ( which he regarded as representative of communist ideology ), noting the anti-Semitic prejudices of the Russian government, the luxurious lifestyles of the USSR's leaders despite their talk about equality and the poverty of their people, and the Orwellian " doublethink " of East Germany's naming itself the German Democratic Republic despite being " one of the most undemocratic regimes in the world today.

Angelo S. Rappoport in his Dictionary of Socialism ( 1924 ) analysed forty definitions of socialism to conclude that common elements of socialism include: general criticisms of the social effects of private ownership and control of capital-as being the cause of poverty, low wages, unemployment, economic and social inequality, and a lack of economic security ; a general view that the solution to these problems is a form of collective control over the means of production, distribution and exchange ( the degree and means of control vary amongst socialist movements ); agreement that the outcome of this collective control should be a society based upon social justice, including social equality, economic protection of people, and should provide a more satisfying life for most people.

Per capita income is high but also less evenly distributed than in most other developed countries ; as a result, the United States fares particularly well in measures of average material well being that do not place weight on equality aspects.

Employment laws were updated with gender equality being introduced in salary pay.

A socially just society is based on the principles of equality and solidarity, understands and values human rights, and recognizes the dignity of every human being.

A head-tax implied equality among those being counted.

Beyond being a goal in itself, gender equality is also a driver for all the MDGs, and is intimately linked and specifically connected to goals to improve maternal and newborn health and reduce the spread of HIV.

The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law, and equality, not separation, was written into the law.

In the field of Social Psychology, prejudice studies like the “ Who Likes Competent Women ” study led the way for gender-based research on prejudice This resulted in two broad themes or focuses in the field: the first being a focus on attitudes toward gender equality, and the second focusing on people ’ s beliefs about men and women Today studies based on sexism continue in the field of psychology as researchers try to understand how people ’ s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors influence and are influenced by others.

The marriage was remarkable ( for ancient Athens ) for being based on mutual respect and equality between the couple.

Euclid's definition of equality can be stated as that two ratios are equal when they behave identically with respect to being less than, equal to, or greater than any rational number.

Loosely, equality is the state of being quantitatively the same.

In contrast, Article 26 contains a revolutionary norm by providing an autonomous equality principle which is not dependant upon another right under the convention being infringed.

In light of the above, the committee recommended that instead of the current legal definition of kibbutz, two different determinations will be created, as follows, a ) communal kibbutz: a society for settlement, being a separate settlement, organized on the basis of collective ownership of possession, of self-employment, and of equality and cooperation in production, consumption and education, b ) renewing kibbutz: a society for settlement, being a separate settlement, organized on the basis of collective partnership in possession, of self-employment, and of equality and cooperation in production, consumption and education, that maintains mutual guarantee among its members, and its articles of association includes, some or all of the following:

with the last equality being true by the definition of conditional probability distributions.

Discussion of minority housing necessarily involves such basic issues as the intensity of one's democratic conviction and religious belief concerning equality of opportunity, the function and limitations of government in the securing of such equality, and the spotlight that world opinion plays upon local incidents of racial agitation and strife.

After the basic form of the theorem is proved, it will be easy to extend it to the case of predicate calculus with equality.

During the 17th century, the basic tenets of the Grotian or eclectic school, especially the doctrines of legal equality, territorial sovereignty, and independence of states, became the fundamental principles of the European political and legal system and were enshrined in the 1648 Peace of Westphalia.

Critics like Ken Binmore say that this cognitive dissonance is apparently not very strong, since people often knowingly ignore the interests of faraway societies quite similar to their own, and that the " ought " above only applies if one already accepts Singer's basic premises about the equality of various interests.

Upon assuming power, the FSLNs political platform included the following: nationalization of property owned by the Somozas and their supporters ; land reform ; improved rural and urban working conditions ; free unionization for all workers, both urban and rural ; price fixing for commodities of basic necessity ; improved public services, housing conditions, education ; abolition of torture, political assassination and the death penalty ; protection of democratic liberties ; equality for women ; non-aligned foreign policy ; formation of a " popular army " under the leadership of the FSLN and Humberto Ortega.

In physics the term theory is generally used for a mathematical framework — derived from a small set of basic postulates ( usually symmetries, like equality of locations in space or in time, or identity of electrons, etc.

It affirmed Yemen's commitment to free elections, a multiparty political system, the right to own private property, equality under the law, and respect of basic human rights.

Calhoun explicitly rejected the founding principles of equality in the Declaration of Independence, denying that humanity is born free and equal in shared human nature and basic needs.

The second classification, was called the ' renewing kibbutz ', which included developments and changes in lifestyle, provided that the basic principles of mutual guarantee and equality are preserved.

In physics, the term theory is generally used for a mathematical framework — derived from a small set of basic postulates ( usually symmetries — like equality of locations in space or in time, or identity of electrons, etc.

Nearing instead outlined an economic republicanism based upon " four basic democratic concepts — equality of opportunity, civic obligation, popular government, and human rights.

* Book 1 contains Euclid's 10 axioms ( 5 named postulates — including the parallel postulate — and 5 named axioms ) and the basic propositions of geometry: the pons asinorum ( proposition 5 ), the Pythagorean theorem ( Proposition 47 ), equality of angles and areas, parallelism, the sum of the angles in a triangle, and the three cases in which triangles are " equal " ( have the same area ).

Similarly, Clarke explores specific beliefs, longings and experience of oppression and resistance, the desire for safety, freedom, equality and other basic human rights, shared among the immigrants, historically and contemporaneously.

Nevertheless, he courageously proposed that racial equality should have been legally enshrined as one of the basic tenets of the newly formed League of Nations, but both the USA and Great Britain opposed his proposal and prompted its rejection from the delegates, very likely because of the destabilizing effects it would have wreaked upon their respective racially segregated societies.

The formal approach is seen as a somewhat basic " no frills " or " narrow " approach to equality of opportunity, a minimal standard of sorts, limited to the public sphere as opposed to private areas such as the family, marriage, or religion.

A basic definition of equality is the idea of equal treatment and respect.

The basic values of social democracy, freedom, equality, justice and solidarity were reaffirmed.

The Nordic strategy for achieving equality and excellence in education has been based on constructing a publicly funded comprehensive school system without selecting, tracking, or streaming students during their common basic education.

Family life is now in focus, and here also the basic values shine through, like that of gender equality.

Considering the presented historical facts and universally accepted principles of the modern world, as well as the inalienable and indivisible, non-transferable and nonexhaustible right of the Croatian nation to self-determination and state sovereignty, including its fully maintained right to secession and association, as basic provisions for peace and stability of the international order, the Republic of Croatia is established as the national state of the Croatian nation and the state of the members of autochthonous national minorities: Serbs, Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, Hungarians, Jews, Germans, Austrians, Ukrainians, Rusyns, Bosniaks, Slovenians, Montenegrins, Macedonians, Russians, Bulgarians, Poles, Roma, Romanians, Turks, Vlachs, Albanians and the others who are citizens, and who are guaranteed equality with citizens of Croatian nationality and the realization of national rights in accordance with the democratic norms of the United Nations Organization and the countries of the free world.

The preamble of the TDP was to provide a welfare state based on the basic tenets of social justice and equality for all.

The Commission considers that the expression of an individual's religion in the French state has to comply with the basic rules regarding the secular nature of the state and has to comply with the requirements of equality between the sexes and the safeguarding of the rights of minors.

Langar is always served to the sangat ( the congregation ) sitting on the floor, as equality amongst all members of the community is a basic tenet of Sikhism.