Thorn or þorn ( Þ, þ ) is a letter in the Old English, Gothic, Old Norse, and Icelandic alphabets, as well as some dialects of Middle English.

* In Icelandic, Þ is added, and D is followed by Ð.

Þ is the letter thorn, which in Icelandic mostly represents a voiceless dental fricative, as in th in the English word thick.

Some sources distinguish " diacritical marks " ( marks upon standard letters in the A-Z 26-letter alphabet ) from " special characters " ( letters not marked but radically modified from the standard 26-letter alphabet ) such as Old English and Icelandic eth ( Ð, ð ) and thorn ( uppercase Þ, lowercaseþ ), and ligatures such as Latin and Anglo-Saxon Æ ( minuscule: æ ), and German eszett ( final-ß, often-ss even in German ).

In Anglo-Saxon England, the same rune was called Thorn or " Þorn " and it survives as the Icelandic letter Þ ( þ ).

** Þ ( called thorn ; lowercase þ ) is also a Runic letter.

Nielsen suggests that the Þ ( transliterated above as th or d ) could also be a t sound, which would mean the word could be the 14th century expression uptagelsefart ( acquisition expedition ).

The Scandinavian variants are also known as futhark or fuþark ( derived from their first six letters of the alphabet: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K ); the Anglo-Saxon variant is futhorc or fuþorc ( due to sound changes undergone in Old English by the same six letters ).

Mercian also uses the eth ( Ð and ð ) and thorn ( Þ and þ ) both give the English ' th ' sound as in ' thin '

The Elder Futhark rune ᚦ, called Thurs ( from Proto-Germanic * Þurisaz ), later evolved into the letter Þ.

The decision was announced in the wake of much speculation and rumours about who would be the new editor after the dismissal of the previous editor, Ólafur Þ. Stephensen.

There is no Z, so the alphabet ends: ... X, Y, Ý, Þ, Æ, Ö.

* ye the article, pronounced as if spelled with a y instead of the printer's mark for Þ, the letter thorn.

* The letter < Þ > ( thorn ) was still in use during the Early Modern English period, though increasingly limited to hand-written texts.

The name of 12px, the Gothic letter corresponding to Þ is an exception ; it is recorded as þiuþ "( the ) good " in the Codex Vindobonensis 795, and as such unrelated to either þurs or þorn.

His parents were Guðrún Vilmundardóttir and Gylfi Þ. Gíslason, a university professor and government minister.

* Óli Þ. Guðbjartsson ( Minister of Justice )

The situation remains similar in modern Faroese and Icelandic, but in Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, the enclitics have become endings.

A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish, Norwegian and Swedish into a Mainland Scandinavian group while Icelandic and Faroese are placed in a separate category labelled Insular Scandinavian.

A draugr, draug or ( Icelandic ) draugur ( original Old Norse plural draugar, as used here, not " draugrs "), or draugen ( Norwegian, Swedish and Danish, meaning " the draug "), also known as aptrganga (" afturgöngur " in modern Icelandic ) ( literally " after-walker ", or " one who walks after death ") is an undead creature from Norse mythology, a subset of Germanic mythology.

The original pronunciation is preserved in the names for the city in other languages such as Old English Difelin, Old Norse Dyflin, modern Icelandic Dyflinn and modern Manx Divlyn.

* The text with modern Icelandic spelling

Among modern languages, cases still feature prominently in most of the Balto-Slavic languages, with most having six to eight cases, as well as Icelandic, German and Modern Greek, which have four.

The English term has cognates in the other Germanic languages: Old Saxon heƀan " sky, heaven ", Middle Low German heven " sky ", Old Icelandic himinn " sky, heaven ", Gothic himins ; and those with a variant final-l: Old Frisian himel, himul " sky, heaven ", Old Saxon / Old High German himil, Dutch hemel, and modern German Himmel.

" Dickson-Wright further cites etymologist Walter William Skeat as further suggestion of possible Scandinavian origins: Skeat claimed that the hag – element of the word is derived from the Old Norse haggw or the Old Icelandic hoggva ( höggva in modern Icelandic ), meaning ' to hew ' or strike with a sharp weapon, relating to the chopped-up contents of the dish.

* West Norse, the modern languages of Norwegian, Faroese, and Icelandic

Today Old Norse has developed into the modern North Germanic languages ( Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish ), and although distinct languages there is still considerable mutual intelligibility.

The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands ; the descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of Danish and Swedish.

Of the modern languages, Icelandic is the closest to Old Norse.

Written modern Icelandic derives from the Old Norse phonemic writing system.

Old English had a grammar similar in many ways to Classical Latin, and was much closer to modern German and Icelandic than modern English in most respects, including its grammar.

In modern times, Sleipnir appears in Icelandic folklore as the creator of Ásbyrgi, in works of art, literature, software, and in the names of ships.

The standard modern edition of Icelandic sagas is known as Íslenzk Fornrit.

The word has several cognates in modern Germanic languages, such as German Scheiße, Dutch schijt, Swedish skit, Icelandic skítur, Norwegian skitt etc.

However, all modern Germanic languages save English and Scots retain the more general sense: for example, German Tier, Alemannic Diere or Tiere, Pennsylvania Dutch Gedier, Dutch dier, Afrikaans dier, Limburgish diere, Norwegian dyr, Swedish djur, Danish dyr, Icelandic dýr, Faroese dýr, West Frisian dier, and North Frisian diarten, all of which mean " animal.

The name Greenland ( Grænland in Old Norse and modern Icelandic, Grønland in modern Danish and Norwegian ) has its roots in this colonization and is attributed to Erik the Red ( the modern Inuit call it Kalaallit Nunaat, meaning " Land of the Kalaallit ( Greenlanders )").

They also furnish proof that, in modern war, message sending must be monitored.

It served also as a literary form exactly appropriate to the fragmented audience of modern urban culture.

Although Utopian communism is both new in 1516 and also modern, it is not modern communism or even modern socialism, as they exist or have ever existed in theory or in practice.

Of course, the list also excludes all writers who are fairly `` optimistic '' about the modern situation ; ;

Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts, and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former Soviet Union.

Anatolia ( from Greek — " east " or "( sun ) rise "; also Asia Minor, from " small Asia "; in modern ) is a geographic and historical term denoting the westernmost protrusion of Asia, comprising the majority of the Republic of Turkey.

However, most modern abjads, such as Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic and Avestan, are " impure " abjads, that is, they also contain symbols for some of the vowel phonemes.

One modern approach which attempts to overcome the seemingly impossible divide between deontology and utilitarianism is case-based reasoning, also known as casuistry.

A necropolis on the escarpment to the south of the curtain wall can also be seen complete with signs of illegal modern excavations.

Ahmad Shah Durrani ( c. 1722 – 1773 ) ( Pashto /), also known as Ahmad Shāh Abdālī ( Pashto / Persian: احمد شاه ابدالي ) and born as Ahmad < u > Kh </ u > ān, was the founder of the Durrani Empire ( Afghan Empire ) in 1747 and is regarded by many to be the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan .</ poem >

They are also thought to have pioneered the modern alto format of viola, in contrast to older tenor violas, but this stating is not correct since Gasparo made violas from altos of 39 to tenors of 44, 7 cm.

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier ( also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution ; 26 August 17438 May 1794 ; ), the " father of modern chemistry ," was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry and biology.

Furthermore, epsilon Antliae, eta Antliae, and theta Antliae were incorporated into the celestial temple, which also contained stars from modern Pyxis.

With ancient and modern history he rendered himself well acquainted and he also began to acquire some of the continental languages.

It is from this period that the later Syria Vs Assyria naming controversy arises, the Seleucids applied the name not only to Assyria itself, but also to the lands to the west ( Aram modern Syria ) which had been part of the Assyrian empire.

The main distinction between Theodism and other modern manifestations of Germanic Neopaganism along with pre-Christian religions, the Theodish are also attempting to reconstruct aspects of pre-Christian Germanic social order ( including sacral kingship ).

These include Hindu astrology ( also known as " Indian astrology " and in modern times referred to as " Vedic astrology ") and Chinese astrology, both of which have influenced the world's cultural history.

Many forces ' IFVs carry anti-tank missiles in every infantry platoon, and attack helicopters have also added anti-tank capability to the modern battlefield.

It is also lighter and can be taken to places that self-propelled guns cannot reach, so despite the advantages of the self-propelled artillery, towed guns remain in the arsenals of many modern armies.

Armida was translated into German and widely performed, especially in the northern German states, where it helped to establish Salieri's reputation as an important and innovative modern composer It would also be the first opera to receive a serious preparation in a piano and vocal reduction by Carl Friedrich Cramer in 1783.

Scarlatti's style, however, is more than a transitional element in Western music ; like most of his Naples colleagues he shows an almost modern understanding of the psychology of modulation and also frequently makes use of the ever-changing phrase lengths so typical of the Napoli school.

Aeclanum ( also spelled Aeculanum ) was an ancient town of Samnium, southern Italy, c. 25 km east-southeast of Beneventum, on the Via Appia ( near the modern Mirabella Eclano ).

He also obtained the capitulation of Fiñana ( in the modern province of Almería ), after setting fire to its suburbs.