* 1577 – Christian IV of Denmark and Norway ( d. 1648 )

* 1648 – Johann Michael Bach, German composer ( d. 1694 )

Mainly Galileo Galilei ( 1564 – 1642 ) but also Marin Mersenne ( 1588 – 1648 ), independently, discovered the complete laws of vibrating strings ( completing what Pythagoras and Pythagoreans had started 2000 years earlier ).

* 1721 – Grinling Gibbons, English sculptor and woodcarver ( b. 1648 )

Ahmed III ( Ottoman Turkish: احمد ثالث Aḥmed-i < u > s </ u > āli < u > s </ u >) < span dir =" ltr ">( December 30 / 31, 1673 – July 1, 1736 )</ span > was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV ( 1648 – 87 ).

* 1648 – Jeremiah Shepard, American minister ( d. 1720 )

* 1648 – John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby, English statesman and poet ( d. 1721 )

* Benedict van Haeften ( 1588 – 1648 )

* The Duchy of Brabant, a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire between 1183 – 1648 covering parts of the Netherlands and Belgium, ruled over by the Dukes of Brabant

He led an uprising against the Commonwealth and its magnates ( 1648 – 1654 ) which resulted in the creation of a Cossack state.

This provoked the Second Civil War ( 1648 – 49 ) and a second defeat for Charles, who was subsequently captured, tried, convicted, and executed for high treason.

* 1648 – Colonel Pride of the New Model Army purges the Long Parliament of MPs sympathetic to King Charles I of England, in order for the King's trial to go ahead ; came to be known as " Pride's Purge ".

Lord Herbert of Cherbury ( 1583 – 1648 ) is generally considered the " father of English Deism ," and his book De Veritate ( 1624 ) the first major statement of deism.

* Limburg of the States ( 1648 – 1794 ), territories controlled by the Dutch States-General, see Generality Lands

The first ( 1642 – 46 ) and second ( 1648 – 49 ) civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war ( 1649 – 51 ) saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and supporters of the Rump Parliament.

* 1597 – Vincent Voiture, French poet ( d. 1648 )

* 1648 – Arabella Churchill, English mistress of James II of England ( d. 1730 )

– 2 February 1648 ) was an English writer, known as " The Puritan " and a politician who sat in the House of Commons in two periods between 1640 and 1648.

The two parts of the Holy Roman Empire clashed in the Thirty Years ' War ( 1618 – 1648 ), which was ruinous to the twenty million civilians.

* Holt, Mack P. Renaissance and Reformation France: 1500 – 1648 ( 2002 ) excerpt and text search

Construction of the fort was supervised by Shah Jahan himself and was completed in 1648.

In the short term, the prohibition was of limited effect ; as late as 1648, the Red Bull hosted a performance of Fletcher's Wit Without Money ; advertisements for the performance were thrown into gentlemen's carriages.

The construction of the Red Fort began in 1638 and was completed by 1648.

The Dutch ruled Luanda from 1640 to 1648 as Fort Aardenburgh.

Luanda was Portugal's bridgehead from 1627, except during the Dutch rule of Luanda, from 1640 to 1648, as Fort Aardenburgh.

After uprisings in 1630 – 31 and 1648 – 1652, the young King Louis XIV had two large forts, fort St. Jean and Fort St. Nicholas, built at the harbor entrance to control the city's unruly population.

In 1648, the Dutch built Fort Beversreede on the west bank of the Delaware, south of the Schuylkill near the present-day Eastwick section of Philadelphia, to reassert their dominion over the area.

About 1648, Nicolas Denys, Sieur de Fronsac, established a fort and trading post, Fort Fronsac, on the Miramichi.

Fort Bourtange was initially built during the Eighty Years ' War ( c. 1568 – 1648 ) when William I of Orange wanted to control the only road between Germany and the city of Groningen which was controlled by the Spaniards.

* 1648 – Etienne de Flacourt arrived to become governor of Fort Dauphin, a post he held until 1655.

On November 8, 1648, Governor Charles Houël organized the settlement of the first French colonists: they were about fifty men near the site of Vieux Fort, Saint Lucia.

But in 1648 beginning of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, at this time in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which continues until 1654, and results is concluded in the city of Pereyaslav during the meeting between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and Tsar Alexey I of Russia the Treaty of Pereyaslav.

The Duke of Hamilton led an invasion of England to free the King, but he was defeated by Oliver Cromwell in August 1648 at the Battle of Preston.

* 1648 – The Roundheads defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.

" Eventually King Charles the I's terms of reforming the government as proposed by the Long Parliament were accepted by the House at a vote of 129 to 83 on 1 December 1648 allowing for the King's restoration and the end of the stalemate between Parliament and the King.

" Hitherto Monk had continued to make solemn protestations of his affection and fidelity to the Commonwealth interest, against a King and House of Lords ; but the new militia being settled, and a Convention, calling themselves a Parliament and fit for his purpose, being met at Westminster, he sent to such lords as had sat with the Parliament till 1648, to return to the place where they used to sit, which they did, upon assurance from him, that no others should be permitted to sit with them ; which promise he also broke, and let in not only such as had deserted to Oxford, but the late created lords.

The 1648 Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years ' War, established the rule that prisoners of war should be released without ransom at the end of hostilities and that they should be allowed to return to their homelands.

Descartes was interviewed by Frans Burman at Egmond-Binnen in 1648.

The collection remaining at Prague was looted during the last year of the Thirty Years War, by Swedish troops who sacked Prague Castle on 26 July 1648, also taking the best of the paintings, many of which later passed to the Orléans Collection after the death of Christina of Sweden.

One of the surviving items from the Kunstkammer is a " fine chair " looted by the Swedes in 1648 and now owned by the Earl of Radnor at Longford Castle, United Kingdom ; others survive in museums.

The result of that conflict and the conclusion of the great European war at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 helped establish post-war Sweden as a force in Europe.

In 1648 the town of Kungur was founded at the western foothills of the Middle Urals.

In 1648, at the end of the devastating 30 years war, chronicles tell that Wiesbaden had barely 40 residents left.

The transfer of most of Alsace to France at the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 marked its start, along with Lorraine, as a territory claimed by both France and Germany.

When conflict resumed he was wounded at Appleby in July 1648.

The weakening of Spanish power at the end of the Thirty Years ' War in 1648 also meant that many colonial possessions of the Portuguese and some of the Spanish empire were effectively up for grabs.

Later in 1648, he became a sub-deacon at Metz.

But there were also new points of conflict: the decline of Spanish power at the end of the Thirty Years ' War in 1648, the colonial possessions of Portugal ( already in the midst of Portuguese Restoration War ), and perhaps even of a beleaguered Spain, were up for grabs.

Finally in 1648 the whole bailiwick was given to the Dutch republic at the Peace of Westphalia.

Fairfax was the great grandson of Thomas Fairfax who led the parliamentarian attack at the nearby Battle of Maidstone in 1648 and whose doublet worn during the battle is on display.

Had it not been for this royal appointment, which enabled Velázquez to escape the censorship of the Inquisition, he would not have been able to release his La Venus del espejo ( c. 1644 – 1648, English: Venus at her Mirror ) also known as The Rokeby Venus.

Trusted by the popular party, Pembroke was made governor of the Isle of Wight, and he was one of the representatives of the parliament on several occasions, notably during the negotiations at Uxbridge in 1645 and at Newport in 1648, and when the Scots surrendered Charles in 1647.

It remained formally a portion of the Empire until its cession at the peace of Westphalia in 1648.