The use of the term was first attributed to Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ).

* 1813 – French Emperor Napoleon I defeats a larger force of Austrians, Russians, and Prussians at the Battle of Dresden.

* 1768 – Jean-Baptiste Bessières, French marshal ( d. 1813 )

In American history important spokesmen included Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, J. Hector St. John de Crèvecœur ( 1735 – 1813 ), and John Taylor of Caroline ( 1753 – 1824 ) in the early national period.

For a time he took into his family the young student Antoine-Frédéric Ozanam ( 1813 – 1853 ), one of the founders of the Conference of Charity, later known as the Society of Saint Vincent de Paul.

Some early scientists such as Georg Ernst Stahl ( 1659-1734 ) and Francisque Bouillier ( 1813 – 1899 ) had supported a form of animism which life and mind, the directive principle in evolution and growth, holding that all cannot be traced back to chemical and mechanical processes, but that there is a directive force which guides energy without altering its amount.

* 1813 – Jules Grévy, French politician, 3rd President of the French Republic ( d. 1891 )

* 1813 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's Second Triumvirate.

* 1813 – Jean Stas, Belgian chemist ( d. 1891 )

* 1813 – At the Battle of Grossbeeren, the Prussians under Von Bülow repulse the French army.

* 1813 – At the final stage of the Peninsular War, British-Portuguese troops capture the town of Donostia ( now San Sebastián ), resulting in a rampage and eventual destruction of the town.

* 1813 – Battle of Kulm: French forces are defeated by an Austrian-Prussian-Russian alliance.

* 1813 – Creek War – Fort Mims massacre: Creek " Red Sticks " kill over 500 settlers ( including over 250 armed militia ) in Fort Mims, north of Mobile, Alabama.

* 1813 – Princess Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria ( d. 1862 )

* 1813 – James McCune Smith, African-American doctor and abolitionist ( d. 1865 )

* 1813 – Instituto Nacional, is founded by the Chilean patriot José Miguel Carrera.

* 1813 – War of 1812: United States troops capture the capital of Upper Canada in the Battle of York ( present day Toronto, Canada ).

* 1813 – Zebulon Pike, American frontiersman and explorer ( b. 1779 )

His siblings included Sarah ( 1802 – 1859 ), Naphtali ( 1807 ), Ralph ( 1809 – 1898 ), and James ( 1813 – 1868 ).

This was inaugurated by Montalembert, but its literary advocates were chiefly Dom Gueranger, a learned Benedictine monk, abbot of Solesmes, and Louis François Veuillot ( 1813 – 1883 ) of the Univers ; and it succeeded in suppressing them everywhere, the last diocese to surrender being Orleans in 1875.

Following his conquest of most of Western Europe, the first Napoleon made his elder brother Joseph ( 1768 – 1844 ) king first of Naples ( 1806 – 1808 ) and then of Spain ( 1808 – 1813 ), his third brother Louis ( 1778 – 1846 ) king of Holland ( 1806 – 1810 ) ( subsequently forcing his abdication after his failure to subordinate Dutch interests to those of France ) and his youngest brother Jérôme Bonaparte ( 1784 – 1860 ) king of Westphalia, the short-lived realm created from some of the states of northwestern Germany ( 1807 – 1813 ).

Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ) posited an early form of nihilism, to which he referred as levelling.

* November 11 – Søren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher ( b. 1813 )

“ SparkNote on Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ), Fear and Trembling ” SparkNotes LLC.

The fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen ( 1805 – 1875 ), the philosophical essays of Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ), the short stories of Karen Blixen ( penname Isak Dinesen, ( 1885 – 1962 ), the plays of Ludvig Holberg ( 1684 – 1754 ), the modern authors such as Herman Bang and Nobel laureate Henrik Pontoppidan and the dense, aphoristic poetry of Piet Hein ( 1905 – 1996 ), have earned international recognition, as have the symphonies of Carl Nielsen ( 1865 – 1931 ).

The principal contributors to Danish literature are undoubtedly Hans Christian Andersen ( 1805 – 1875 ) with his fairy tales, the philosopher Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ), storyteller Karen Blixen ( 1885 – 1962 ), playwright Ludvig Holberg ( 1684 – 1754 ), and modern authors such as Henrik Pontoppidan and Herman Bang.

The school of thought is often traced back to the work of the Danish philosopher and theologian Søren Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 1855 ), who is considered the father of existentialism.

Kierkegaard ( 1813 – 55 ) protested vigorously against popular misunderstanding and abuse of Christian dogma and the so-called ' objectivity ' of science ( Kierkegaard, 1841, 1844 ).

It was published in 1811-1812 in Berlin ; this was followed by an English translation, published in London in 1813 and subsequently by French, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Italian.

In December 1813, the Swedish army attacked Danish troops in Holstein.

Johannes Japetus Smith Steenstrup ( 1813 – 1897 ) was a Danish zoologist, biologist, and professor.

* Japetus Steenstrup ( 1813 – 1897 ), a Danish zoologist, biologist and professor

The Battle of Sehested was fought between Danish and Swedish ( with Prussian-Russian battalions ) troops at Sehested ( in Holstein ) on December 10, 1813 during the War of the Sixth Coalition.

The Danish Auxiliary Corps, which fought on the side of the French, was pushed back by the Swedish, Prussian and Russian alliance under Major General Ludwig von Wallmoden-Gimborn in early December 1813, but the Danes, commanded by Prince Frederik of Hesse, managed to secure their retreat by the victory in the Battle of Sehested.

In 1810, he fled to Copenhagen to avoid conscription in the Napoleonic Army, which overwhelmed the many small principalities and duchies of northern Germany, and in 1813 he became a Danish citizen.

Sofia Magdalena of Denmark and Norway ( Danish: Sophie Magdalene Swedish: Sofia Magdalena ) ( Christiansborg Palace, Denmark, 3 July 1746 – Ulriksdal Palace, Sweden, 21 August 1813 ) was a Queen consort of Sweden as the spouse of Gustav III of Sweden.

Baron Theophil Edvard von Hansen () ( original Danish name: Theophilus Hansen ) ( July 13, 1813 in Copenhagen-February 17, 1891 in Vienna ) was a Danish architect who later became an Austrian citizen.

Johan Carl Christian Petersen ( June 28, 1813 in Copenhagen-June 24, 1880 in Copenhagen ) was a Danish seaman and interpreter who participated in several expeditions in Northern Canada and Greenland in search of the missing British explorer John Franklin.

* May 18 – Jean Gaspard Felix Ravaisson-Mollien, French philosopher ( b. 1813 )

Jean Gaspard Félix Ravaisson-Mollien (; 23 October 1813 – 18 May 1900 ) was a French philosopher and archaeologist.

* July 13-Augusto Vera, philosopher ( born 1813 )

David Hartley the younger ( 1732 – 19 December 1813 ) was a statesman, a scientific inventor, and the son of the philosopher David Hartley.

* David Hartley ( the Younger ) ( 1732 – 1813 ), son of the philosopher, and signatory to the Treaty of Paris

Jacob Anton Zallinger zum Thurn was a philosopher and canonist, born in Bozen, 26 July 1735, died there, 11 January 1813.

The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer used the word ( German Wolkenkuckucksheim ) in his publication On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason in 1813, as well as later in his main work The World as Will and Representation and in other places.

* David Hartley ( the Younger ) ( 1731 – 1813 ), Member of Parliament and son of the English philosopher