For example ; burgh in Scots and Middle English ; burg in German and Old English, borg in Scandinavian languages ; parcus in Latin and pyrgos in Greek.

This point of view sees the modern Romance languages as dialects of Latin, modern Greek as a dialect of Ancient Greek, Tok Pisin as a dialect of English, and Scandinavian languages as dialects of Old Norse.

The distribution of stød in the lexicon is clearly related to the distribution of the common Scandinavian tonal word accents found in most dialects of Norwegian and Swedish, including the national standard languages.

Unlike the neighboring Continental Scandinavian languages, the prosody of Danish does not have phonemic pitch.

The Scandinavian languages, by contrast, treat the characters with diacritics ä, ö and å as new and separate letters of the alphabet, and sort them after z.

Historically the å has developed from a ligature by writing a small a on top of the letter a ; if an å character is unavailable, some Scandinavian languages allow the substitution of a doubled a.

The Scandinavian languages collate these letters after z, but have different collation standards.

In Dutch, Easter is known as Pasen and in the Scandinavian languages Easter is known as påske ( Danish and Norwegian ), påsk ( Swedish ), páskar ( Icelandic ) and páskir ( Faeroese ).

Freyja is attested in the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources ; in the Prose Edda and Heimskringla, both written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century ; in several Sagas of Icelanders ; in the short story Sörla þáttr ; in the poetry of skalds ; and into the modern age in Scandinavian folklore, as well as the name for Friday in many Germanic languages.

The word friend itself has cognates in the other Germanic languages ; but the Scandinavian ones ( like Swedish frände, Danish frænde ) predominatly mean " relative " ( but may also mean soulmate ).

The original word had both the meanings " friend " and " relative " but lost various degrees of the " friend " sense in Scandinavian languages, while it mostly lost the sense of " relative " in English.

Another example is the word gift, which in English and Dutch means a " present " but in German and the Scandinavian languages means " poison " ( the Swedish word for " gift " being gåva, related to the verb " to give ").

It is widely used in the Afrikaans, Catalan, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Bahasa Indonesia, Scandinavian and German languages, with the same meaning.

" In Scandinavian languages, an accordion is simply called " harmonika ," whereas a harmonica is a " mundharmonika " ( mouth harmonica ).

The Germanic languages feature terms cognate to the English rider: German Ritter, and Dutch and Scandinavian ridder.

Livonia (,,, German and Scandinavian languages: Livland, Latvian and,, archaic English Livland ,, Liwlandia ; Лифляндия / Liflyandiya ) is a historic region along the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

Normandy (, pronounced, Norman: Nourmaundie, from Old French Normanz, plural of Normand, originally from the word for " northman " in several Scandinavian languages ) is a geographical region corresponding to the former Duchy of Normandy.

While this classification is based on the differences between the North Germanic languages at the time they split, their present-day characteristics justify another classification, dividing them into an Insular Scandinavian and Mainland Scandinavian language groups, based on mutual intelligibility.

The features of Norn grammar were very similar to the other Scandinavian languages.

The two main conjugations of verbs in present and past tense were also present and like all other North Germanic languages, it used a suffix instead of a prepositioned article to indicate definiteness as in modern Scandinavian: man ( n ) (" man "); mannen (" the man ").

Though it is difficult to be certain of much of the aspects of Norn grammar, documents indicate that it may have featured subjectless clauses, which were common in the West Scandinavian languages.

Russian / Ukrainian хорт, khort ; Polish chart ; Czech chrt ), as well as a few borrowings from German, including Gothic ( e. g., Old Prussian ylo " awl ," as with Lithuanian ýla, Latvian īlens ) and even Scandinavian languages.

The modern descendants of the Old West Norse dialect are the West Scandinavian languages of Icelandic, Faroese, Norwegian and the extinct Norn language of the Orkney and the Shetland Islands ; the descendants of the Old East Norse dialect are the East Scandinavian languages of Danish and Swedish.

In Modern German ( and the Scandinavian languages ), the demonstrative is generally distance-neutral, and the deictic value may be defined more precisely by means of adverbs:

In addition to other member churches, the churches of the Anglican Communion are in full communion with the Old Catholic churches of the Union of Utrecht and the Scandinavian Lutheran churches of the Porvoo Communion in Europe, the India-based Mar Thoma and Malabar Independent Syrian churches and the Philippine Independent Church, also known as the Aglipayan Church.

This view is based partly on Old English and Danish traditions regarding persons and events of the 4th century, and partly on the fact that striking affinities to the cult of Nerthus as described by Tacitus are to be found in pre-Christian Scandinavian, especially Swedish and Danish, religion.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

There are five main categories in which potential sources and / or analogues are included: Scandinavian parallels, classical sources, Irish sources and analogues, ecclesiastical sources, and echoes in other Old English texts.

Wolves of the central and northern chains of the Rocky Mountains and coastal ranges are more formidable animals than the more southern plains wolves, and resemble Russian and Scandinavian wolves in size and proportions.

A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish, Norwegian and Swedish into a Mainland Scandinavian group while Icelandic and Faroese are placed in a separate category labelled Insular Scandinavian.

In English, the terms poniard and dirk are loaned during the late 16th to early 17th century, the latter in the spelling dork, durk ( presumably via Low German, Dutch or Scandinavian dolk, dolch, ultimately from a West Slavic tulich ), the modern spelling dirk dating to 18th-century Scots.

Elves are first attested in Old English and Old Norse texts and are prominent in traditional British and Scandinavian folklore.

While the Scandinavian tradition preserves some evidence of the álfar as skillful supernatural beings with positive connotations, much like the æsir or " gods ", the elves of Anglo-Saxon and continental tradition are almost exclusively presented as mischievous or malevolent beings responsible for misfortune or illness.

The elves are typically pictured as fair-haired, white-clad, and ( like most creatures in the Scandinavian folklore ) nasty when offended.

Recent DNA analysis have revealed that Y chromosomes, tracing male descent, are 87 % Scandinavian.

The highest points in upland Finland reach an elevation of about, and they are found in the Kilpisjärvi area of the Scandinavian Keel Ridge.

In worldwide comparison, Testi ( 2010 ) notes that the United States is not unique in adoring its banner, for in Scandinavian countries their flags are also " beloved, domesticated, commercialized and sacralized objects ".

For example, German and Scandinavian " Hund " and Dutch " Hond " are the cognates of English " hound ", but whereas hund and hond refer to dogs in general, in English the sense has been narrowed to dogs used for hunting.

The first Scandinavian documents mentioning a " land of the Finns " are two runestones: ( Söderby, Sweden, with the inscription finlont ( U 582 †), Gotland with the inscription finlandi ( G 319 M ) dating from the 11th century.

Most of the names are Scandinavian in origin.

club winning the Scandinavian Championships in their inaugural year, 2009, and are again in the running for 2011.

There is, however, a Scandinavian breed of the common elk in which the antlers are simpler and recall those of the East Siberian animals.

Mikael, Mikell, Mikkel are Scandinavian.

* Iceland: Although the inhabitants are ethnically related to other Scandinavian groups, the national culture and language are found only in Iceland.