Johann Friedrich Blumenbach | Blumenbach's five Race ( classification of human beings ) | races.

However, in that decade, progressive reformers such as Alcott, influenced by Pestalozzi as well as Friedrich Fröbel and Johann Friedrich Herbart, began to advocate writing about subjects from students ' personal experiences.

* 1825 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician ( b. 1765 )

The best known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven ; other notable names include Luigi Boccherini, Muzio Clementi, Antonio Soler, Antonio Salieri, François Joseph Gossec, Johann Stamitz, Carl Friedrich Abel, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, and Christoph Willibald Gluck.

Franz Schubert is also something of a transitional figure, as are Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Mauro Giuliani, Friedrich Kuhlau, Fernando Sor, Luigi Cherubini, Jan Ladislav Dussek, and Carl Maria von Weber.

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (;, ) ( 30 April 177723 February 1855 ) was a German mathematician and physical scientist who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, electrostatics, astronomy and optics.

The species name troglodytes, Greek for " cave-dweller ", was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his book De generis humani varietate nativa liber (" on the natural varieties of the human genus ") published in 1776, This book was based on his dissertation presented one year before ( it had a date 16 Sep 1775 printed on its title page ) to the University of Göttingen for internal use only, thus the dissertation did not meet the conditions for published work in the sense of zoological nomenclature.

* 1774 – Johann Friedrich Agricola, German composer and organist ( b. 1720 )

* 1765 – Johann Friedrich Pfaff, German mathematician ( d. 1825 )

The Imperial cartographer Johann Friedrich Endersch completed a map of Warmia () in 1755 and also made a copper etching of the galley named " The City of Elbląg " ().

In Germany, there was Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers ( 1774 ) ( The Sorrows of Young Werther ) and Friedrich Hölderlin's Hyperion.

Philosophers of education such as Juan Vives, Johann Pestalozzi, Friedrich Froebel, and Johann Herbart had examined, classified and judged the methods of education centuries before the beginnings of psychology in the late 1800s.

* 1500 – Duke Friedrich and Duke Johann attempt to subdue the peasantry of Dithmarschen, Denmark, in the Battle of Hemmingstedt.

There, he received a liberal education at the Lyceum, and Karl J. Windischmann drew his attention to the languages and literature of the East ( Windischmann, along with Georg Friedrich Creuzer, Johann Joseph von Görres, and the brothers Schlegel, expressed great enthusiasm for Indian wisdom and philosophy ).

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths ( 1759 – 1839 ) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn ( 1778 – 1852 ) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics.

Handel and his father travelled to Weissenfels to visit either Handel's half-brother, Carl, or nephew, Georg Christian, who was serving as valet to Duke Johann Adolf I. Handel and the duke convinced his father to allow him to take lessons in musical composition and keyboard technique from Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow, the organist of Halle's Marienkirche.

Bach, Franz Benda, Johann Friedrich Agricola, and others.

Bach in Leipzig, such as Wilhelm Friedmann Bach, Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach and Johann Friedrich Agricola, as well as those composers who performed under his direction in Leipzig ( Christoph Graupner, Johann David Heinichen and Johann Georg Pisendel ), composers of the Berlin lieder school, and finally, his numerous pupils, none of whom, however, became major composers.

Weimar ’ s Courtyard of the Muses, a tribute to The Enlightenment and the Weimar Classicism depicting German poets Friedrich Schiller | Schiller, Christoph Martin Wieland | Wieland, Johann Gottfried Herder | Herder and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe | Goethe.

* 1625 – Johann Rudolph Ahle, German composer, organist, theorist, and Protestant church musician ( d. 1673 )

Johann Bayer ( 1572 – March 7, 1625 ) was a German lawyer and uranographer ( celestial cartographer ).

The first system comes from the German astronomer Johann Bayer's ( 1572 – 1625 ) Uranometria published in 1603 and is for bright stars.

** Johann Bayer, German astronomer ( d. 1625 )

* Johann Jacob Saar ( 1625 – 1664 ), German explorer

Johann Georg Abicht, professor of theology at the University of Halle-Wittenberg, translated the 1625 text into Latin as Dissertatio de Libro recti ( Leipzig, 1732 ).

* Johann Friedrich Schweitzer, also known as John Frederick Helvetius ( 1625 – 1709 ), a Dutch physician and alchemical writer of German extraction

In order to aid Ferdinand ( elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1619 ) against the Northern Protestants and to produce a balance in the Army of the Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly, Wallenstein offered to raise a whole army for the imperial service following the bellum se ipsum alet principle, and received his final commission on 25 July 1625.

Already in the 17th century, local historians studied the history of Danzig law, such as Elias Constantius von Treuen-Schroeder ( 1625 – 1680 ) and Johann Ernst von der Linde ( 1651 – 1721 ).

* Johann Bayer, German uranographer ( died 1625 )

Two astronomers particularly known for attempting to expand Ptolemy's catalogue were Johann Bayer ( 1572 – 1625 ) and Nicolas Louis de Lacaille ( 1713 – 1762 ).

* Johann Deutschmann ( 1625 – 1706 ), theologian

Jean-Baptiste Plantin ( 1625 – 1697 ) wrote his description of Switzerland in Latin, Helvetia nova et antiqua ( 1656 ), but Johann Jacob Wagner's ( 1641 – 1695 ) guide to Switzerland is in German, despite its titles Inder memorabilium Helvetiae ( 1684 ) and Mercurius Helveticus ( 1688 ), though he issued his scientific description of his native land in Latin, Historia naturalis Helvetiae curiosa ( 1680 ).

* Johann Friedrich Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg ( 1625 – 1679, duke of the principality of Calenberg )

* 1660 – Johann Kuhnau, German composer, organist and harpsichordist ( d. 1722 )

* 1710 – Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Ros &# 233 ; e, Bavarian general ( d. 1795 )

* 1730 – Johann Georg Hamann, German philosopher ( d. 1788 )

* 1648 – Johann Michael Bach, German composer ( d. 1694 )

* 1672 – Johann Jakob Scheuchzer, Swiss scholar ( d. 1733 )

* 1811 – First ascent of Jungfrau, third highest summit in the Bernese Alps by brothers Johann Rudolf and Hieronymus Meyer.

* 1761 – Johann Matthias Gesner, German scholar ( b. 1691 )

In the Battle of Abensberg on 19 – 20 April 1809, Napoleon gained a significant victory over the Austrians under Archduke Louis of Austria and General Johann von Hiller.

* 1697 – Johann Gottlieb Görner, German composer and organist ( d. 1778 )

* 1736 – Johann Christoph Kellner, German organist and composer ( d. 1803 )

* 1647 – Johann Heinrich Acker, German writer ( d. 1719 )

* 1744 – Johann Gottfried Herder, German writer ( d. 1803 )

* 1719 – Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, German poet ( d. 1803 )

* 1749 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer and scientist ( d. 1832 )

* 1683 – Johann David Heinichen, German composer and theorist ( d. 1729 )

* 1667 – Anna Maria Luisa de ' Medici, Italian wife of Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine ( d. 1743 )

* 1613 – Christoph Bach, court musician, grandfather of Johann Sebastian Bach ( d. 1661 )

* 1658 – Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine ( d. 1716 )

* 1637 – Johann Gerhard, German church leader and theologian ( b. 1582 )

* 1727 – Premiere of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion BWV 244b at the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig

* 1719 – Johann Gottlob Lehmann, German mineralogist and geologist ( d. 1767 )

** 1802 – 1803 Johann Heinrich Rothpletz ( b. 1766 – d. 1833 )

** 10 March 1803 – 26 April 1803 Johann Rudolf Dolder ( b. 1753 – d. 1807 )