Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (; May 21, 1921 – December 14, 1989 ) was a Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist.

A discussion about the methods of the political use of technology in the creation of a super-bomb began the ideological divergence between Andrei Sakharov and Nikita Khrushchev.

In 1973 and 1974 the Soviet media campaign targeted both Andrei Sakharov and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.

In 1973 Andrei Sakharov was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize and in 1974 was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca.

An Andrei Sakharov prize is also to be awarded by the American Physical Society every second year from 2006, " to recognize outstanding leadership and / or achievements of scientists in upholding human rights ".

The Andrei Sakharov Prize For Writer's Civic Courage was established in October 1990.

The Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center, established at Brandeis University in 1993, are now housed at Harvard University.

Statue of Andrei Sakharov at Saint Petersburg State University.

* During the 1980s, the block of 16th Street NW between L and M streets, in front of the Soviet embassy, in Washington, D. C. was renamed " Andrei Sakharov Place " as a form of protest against his 1980 arrest and detention.

* Intersection of Ventura blvd and Laurel Canyon blvd in Studio City, Los Angeles is named Andrei Sakharov Square.

Andrei Sakharov with a group of Soviet dissidents, Sakharov is the first from right, the first from the left is Naum Meiman from Moscow Helsinki Group

* Sakharov, Andrei, Facets of a Life, Frontieres, 1991.

* Bergman, Jay, Meeting the Demands of Reason: The Life and Thought of Andrei Sakharov, Cornell University Press, 2009.

* Lozansky, Edward D., Andrei Sakharov and Peace, Avon, 1985.

* Gorelik, Gennady, with Antonina W. Bouis, The World of Andrei Sakharov: A Russian Physicist's Path to Freedom.

* Andrei Sakharov // New dictionary of scientific biography / Noretta Koertge, ed.

* The Andrei Sakharov Archives at the Houghton Library

* The Andrei Sakharov Archives and Human Rights Center, established at Brandeis University in 1993, will soon cease to exist unless Congress and university officials act to save it.

* Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights.

* Andrei Sakharov: Photo-chronology

* David Holloway on: Andrei Sakharov.

* Andrei Sakharov Museum in Moscow Virtual Tour.

* Annotated bibliography of Andrei Sakharov from the Alsos Digital Library.

* Works of Archimandrite Sophrony ( Sakharov ) ( 1896 – 1993 ).

Sakharov, a nuclear physicist who had overseen the development of the hydrogen bomb for the U. S. S. R., had later become the nation's most famous dissident.

The novel was published in 1982, when A. D. Sakharov was in exile in Nizhny Novgorod.

* Babyonyshev, Alexander, On Sakharov, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1982.

It was founded in 1982, inspired in part by an appeal from Dr. Andrei Sakharov for the creation of a " unified international committee to defend all Helsinki Watch Group members ", and also to co-ordinate their work.

* Anton Sakharov ( born 1982 ), Russian footballer

Sakharov was an advocate of civil liberties and civil reforms in the Soviet Union.

The Sakharov Prize, which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his honor.

Sakharov was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921.

His father was Dmitri Ivanovich Sakharov, a private school physics teacher and an amateur pianist.

Sakharov entered Moscow State University in 1938.

After the end of World War II, Sakharov researched cosmic rays.

After moving to Sarov in 1950, Sakharov played a key role in the development of the first megaton-range Soviet hydrogen bomb using a design known as " Sakharov's Third Idea " in Russia and the Teller-Ulam design in the United States.

A larger variation of the same design which Sakharov worked on was the 50MT Tsar Bomba of October 1961, which was the most powerful nuclear device ever exploded.

Sakharov saw " striking parallels " between his fate and those of J. Robert Oppenheimer and Edward Teller in the USA.

While in the view of most American academics the two were as diametrically opposed as good and evil, Sakharov believed that in this " tragic confrontation of two outstanding people ," both deserved respect, because " each of them was certain he had right on his side and was morally obligated to go to the end in the name of truth.

" While Sakharov strongly disagreed with Teller over nuclear testing in the atmosphere and Strategic Defense Initiative, he believed that American academics had been unfair to Teller ’ s resolve to get the H-bomb for the United States since " all steps by the Americans of a temporary or permanent rejection of developing thermonuclear weapons would have been seen either as a clever feint, or as the manifestation of stupidity.

Sakharov never felt that by creating nuclear weapons he had " known sin ," in Oppenheimer ’ s haunting expression.

Sakharov, in association with Igor Tamm, proposed confining extremely hot ionized plasma by torus shaped magnetic fields for controlling thermonuclear fusion that led to the development of the tokamak device.

Sakharov then tested a MK-driven " plasma cannon " where a small aluminium ring was vaporized by huge eddy currents into a stable, self-confined toroidal plasmoid and was accelerated to 100 km / s.

Sakharov later suggested to replace the copper coil in MK generators by a big superconductor solenoid to magnetically compress and focus underground nuclear explosions into a shaped charge effect.

After 1965 Sakharov returned to fundamental science and began working on particle physics and cosmology.

Sakharov achieved there a complete CPT symmetry since the second sheet is enantiomorph ( P-symmetry ), has an opposite arrow of time ( T-symmetry ) and is mainly populated by antimatter ( C-symmetry ) because of an opposite CP-violation.

Sakharov called such singularities a collapse and an anticollapse, which are an alternative to the couple black hole and white hole in the wormhole theory.

Sakharov also proposed the idea of induced gravity as an alternative theory of quantum gravity.

From the late 1950s Sakharov had become concerned about the moral and political implications of his work.

Politically active during the 1960s, Sakharov was against nuclear proliferation.

The major turn in Sakharov ’ s political evolution came in 1967, when anti-ballistic missile defense became a key issue in US – Soviet relations.