Since cyclists ' legs are most efficient over a narrow range of pedaling speeds ( cadence ), a variable gear ratio helps a cyclist to maintain an optimum pedalling speed while covering varied terrain.

Since 2002, Charles has been a DJ on BBC Radio 6 Music, presenting The Craig Charles Funk and Soul Show, where he plays a diverse range of funk and soul music, from classic tracks to the latest releases, and provides publicity for new bands.

Since no variables of this language range over the reals, we cannot simply copy the earlier definition of definability.

Since blunt-ended DNA fragments have no cohesive ends to anneal, the melting temperature is not a factor to consider within the normal temperature range of the ligation reaction.

Since much of the double bass's range lies below the standard bass clef, it is notated an octave higher than it sounds.

Since classical analog filters are IIR filters, there has been a long history of studying the range of possible transfer functions implementing various of the above desired filter responses in continuous time systems.

Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport, competing in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing through its Scuderia Ferrari sporting division as well as supplying cars and engines to other teams and for one make series.

Since the heat source that supplies thermal energy to the engine can thus be powered by virtually any kind of energy, heat engines are very versatile and have a wide range of applicability.

Since the inception of the theories, various studies have expanded the range of possible cycles, finding longer or shorter cycles in the data.

Since 1995, Lomography has been the sole distributor of that camera outside of the former Soviet Union, and has since moved into producing their own range of analog cameras, and other imports such as the Diana camera.

Since synthetic polymerization techniques typically yield a polymer product including a range of molecular weights, the weight is often expressed statistically to describe the distribution of chain lengths present in the same.

Since then a British Army sniper beat the Canadian's record by, by killing two Taliban insurgents at a range of.

Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm ( 1 mΩ

Since then, the experimental population has grown and the recovery area expanded to include four national wildlife refuges, a Department of Defense bombing range, state-owned lands, and private lands, encompassing about.

Since 1986, thousands of members of the UP and other leftist parties were murdered ( estimates range from 4, 000 to 6, 000 ).

Since the mid-1990s, starspot observations have been made using increasingly powerful techniques yielding more and more detail: photometry showed starspot growth and decay and showed cyclic behavior similar to the Sun's ; spectroscopy examined the structure of starspot regions by analyzing variations in spectral line splitting due to the Zeeman Effect ; Doppler imaging showed differential rotation of spots for several stars and distributions different from the Sun's ; spectral line analysis measured the temperature range of spots and the stellar surfaces.

Since Wankel engines operate at a relatively high rotational speed with relatively low torque, propeller aircraft must use a Propeller Speed Reduction Unit ( PSRU ) to keep their propellers within the proper speed range.

Since the energy crises of the 1970s, interest in this quiet and potentially renewable marine energy source has been increasing steadily again, especially as solar cells became available, for the first time making possible motorboats with an infinite range like sailboats.

Since neutrons are absorbed by air, even a high-yield neutron bomb is not able to radiate neutrons beyond its blast range and so would theoretically have no destructive advantage over a normal hydrogen bomb.

Since φ is a positive linear map whose range, the complex numbers C, is a commutative C *- algebra, φ is completely positive.

Since brown may cover a wide range of the visible spectrum, composite adjectives are used such as red brown, yellowish brown, dark brown or light brown.

Since outside temperatures can possibly range from-40 ° C (- 40 ° F ) to 46 ° C ( 115 ° F ), with varying degrees of solar loading, along with humidity levels ranging from below 10 % up to 100 %, significant environmental stresses within the enclosure or facility can be produced.

Since individual harmonic amplitudes are measured, it is required that the manufacturer disclose the test signal frequency range, level and gain conditions, and number of measurements taken.

Since Windows Media Player 9 Series, the player supports crossfading, audio dynamic range ( Quiet Mode ) for WMA Pro and WMA Lossless, and auto volume leveling for certain media which includes volume level / gain information such as MP3 or Windows Media.

Since we have a total of 4. 5 observations in the interquartile range, the two fractional observations each count for 0. 75 ( and thus 3 × 1 + 2 × 0. 75 =

Since the invention of the MIDI system in the early 1980s, for example, some people have worked on programs which map MIDI notes to an algorithm and then can either output sounds or music through the computer's sound card or write an audio file for other programs to play.

Since recuperating from the heart surgery, Bowie has reduced his musical output, making only one-off appearances on stage and in the studio.

Since the output of an electric guitar is an electric signal, the signal may easily be altered using electronic circuits to add " color " to the sound.

Since each firm has large initial costs, as the firm gains market share and increases its output the fixed cost ( what they initially invested ) is divided among a larger number of customers.

Since there is no feedback from the output to either input, this is an open loop circuit acting as a comparator.

Since Seychelles ' independence in 1976, per capita output in this Indian Ocean archipelago has expanded to roughly seven times the old near-subsistence level.

Since the final RF amplification is now concentrated in a single sideband, the effective power output is greater than in normal AM ( the carrier and redundant sideband account for well over half of the power output of an AM transmitter ).

Since the E1 component of nuclear EMP depends on the prompt gamma ray output, which was only 0. 1 % of yield in Starfish Prime but can be 0. 5 % of yield in pure fission weapons of low yield, a 10 kiloton bomb can easily be 5 x 8 % = 40 % as powerful as the 1. 44 megaton Starfish Prime at producing EMP.

Since a single integrated circuit can provide a complete phase-locked-loop building block, the technique is widely used in modern electronic devices, with output frequencies from a fraction of a hertz up to many gigahertz.

Since plasma has minimal mass, but is charged and therefore can be manipulated by an electric field, the result is a very linear output at frequencies far higher than the audible range.

Since 3D models are the typical primary output for CAD design, users in these industries require an efficient and accurate method of generating 2D computational drawings directly from the 3D models.

Since 1987, however, backyard barrel burning has showed almost no decrease, and is now the largest source of dioxin emissions, producing about one third of the total output.

Since the inhibitory output is reduced by cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex, this provides the brainstem with adjustable " gain control for the relay of lemnsical inputs ".

Since failure probabilities on fault trees tend to be small ( less than. 01 ), P ( A ∩ B ) usually becomes a very small error term, and the output of an OR gate may be conservatively approximated by using an assumption that the inputs are mutually exclusive events:

Since most ROMs do not have input or output registers, they cannot be used stand-alone for sequential logic.

Since the load resistance is large compared to the other resistances, the output voltage will be approximately:

Since the output voltage is proportional to the number of turns, generators could be easily designed to produce any desired voltage by varying the number of turns.

Since the input, calculations and output were all mixed on a sheet, changing the layout could lead to serious problems if data moved.

Since the early 1980s, Japan has produced a significant output of characteristically harsh bands, sometimes referred to under the portmanteau Japanoise, with perhaps the most well known being Merzbow ( pseudonym for the Japanese noise artist Masami Akita who himself was inspired by the Dada artist Kurt Schwitters's Merz art project of psychological collage ).

Since the output of this factory constituted one third of the country's ration allocation, this led to a severe strain on the supply of margarine in the UK.

Since it has the capacity to amplify the current output many a times a normal transistor configuration.

Since impedance varies inversely with capacitance, the internode capacitance, C, will be seen to have been replaced by a capacitance of KC from input to ground and a capacitance of ( K-1 ) C / K from output to ground.

Since input data fields were in any case frequently built from the output of earlier computer processing, the actual probability of a field containing invalid data was exceedingly low and usually the result of some ' corruption '.

Since then, he has essentially become the face of the BBC's output on science and the history of science, but at the same time is heavily critical of the standard of science output on British television ( including, to a certain extent, his own programmes ), which he sees as dumbed down.