As capitalism in the 20th century has become increasingly dependent upon force and violence for its survival, the private detective is placed in a serious dilemma.

Of the handful of painters that Austria has produced in the 20th century, only one, Oskar Kokoschka, is widely known in the U.S..

Together they had probably done more than any other men to help push Laos toward the 20th century -- constructively.

So far as I know, the Comedie has never put Moliere's people in the costumes of the 20th century, but they do reinterpret plays and characters.

Famous novelists of the 20th century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine and Ahlam Mosteghanemi while Assia Djebar is widely translated.

As such, anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies.

From its beginnings in the early 19th century through the early 20th century, anthropology in the United States was influenced by the presence of Native American societies.

While the analysis of variance reached fruition in the 20th century,

Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.

These alphabets have since been replaced with the Latin alphabet, except for decorative usage for which the runes remained in use until the 20th century.

During the 20th century BC the Indo-European Hittites entered the region and gradually established a great empire which was destroyed by invaders in the 12th century.

Portugal has been present in Angola for 400 years, occupied the territory in the 19th and early 20th century, and ruled over it for about 50 years.

Chokwe peoples, Angola, early 20th century.

With the development of fast Internet in the last part of the 20th century along with advances in computer controlled telescope mounts and CCD cameras ' Remote Telescope ' astronomy is now a viable means for amateur astronomers not aligned with major telescope facilities to partake in research and deep sky imaging.

* Atlas Press ( tool company ) of Kalamazoo, Michigan, the largest supplier of machine tools to the hobbyist market in the middle of the 20th century

In 1998, the Modern Library ranked A Clockwork Orange 65th on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.

One of the numerous cuneiform records dated circa 20th century BC, found in Anatolia at the Assyrian colony of Kanesh uses an advanced system of trading computations and credit lines.

The north western coasts of Anatolia were inhabited by Greeks of the Achaean / Mycenaean culture from the 20th century BC, related to the Greeks of south eastern Europe and the Aegean.

Anatolia remained multi-ethnic until the early 20th century ( see the rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire ).

The Church of England ( which until the 20th century included the Church in Wales ) initially separated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1538 in the reign of King Henry VIII, reunited in 1555 under Queen Mary I and then separated again in 1570 under Queen Elizabeth I ( the Roman Catholic Church excommunicated Elizabeth I in 1570 in response to the Act of Supremacy 1559 ).

James Joyce was a prominent Irish author of the 20th century.

The traditional culture of farming, cheesemaking, and woodworking still exists in Alpine villages, although the tourist industry began to grow early in the 20th century and expanded greatly after World War II to become the dominant industry by the end of the century.

Since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals.

The Princess Theatre musicals and other smart shows like Of Thee I Sing ( 1931 ) were artistic steps forward beyond revues and other frothy entertainments of the early 20th century and led to such groundbreaking works as Show Boat ( 1927 ) and Oklahoma!

( This has often been the case with American popular song and musicals in the 20th century, as with Richard Rodgers and Lorenz Hart's collaboration, although with the later team of Rodgers and Hammerstein the lyrics were generally written first.

A prolific writer of music for musicals of the 20th century, Andrew Lloyd Webber, has dominated the West End for a number of years, and his works have travelled to Broadway in New York and around the world, as well as being turned into film.

While Rodgers and Hammerstein's work contains cheerful and oftentimes uplifting songs, they departed from the comic and sentimental tone of early 20th century musicals by seriously addressing issues such as racism, sexism and classism in many of their works.

Florodora is an Edwardian musical comedy and became one of the first successful Broadway musicals of the 20th century.

The musical theatre | musicals of Andrew Lloyd Webber have dominated London's West End theatre | West End since the latter half of the 20th century.

In the middle of the 20th century, the most influential New York composers included the Massachusetts native and conductor and composer Leonard Bernstein, known for his works Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs, Serenade for Solo Violin, Strings, Harp and Percussion, Chichester Psalms and the musicals On the Town and West Side Story.

The early 20th century also saw the growth of Broadway theatre, a group of theatres specializing in musicals.

In the early years of the 20th century, Frohman also established a successful partnership with English actor-producer Seymour Hicks to produce musicals and other comedies in London, including Quality Street in 1902, The Admirable Crichton in 1903, The Catch of the Season in 1904, The Beauty of Bath in 1906, The Gay Gordons in 1907, and A Waltz Dream in 1908, among others.

In the middle 1940s, he began producing musicals for 20th Century Fox, producing 24 films in all in a career that lasted through the 1950s and 1960s.

In the mid 1930s, he was hired by 20th Century Fox where, as a director, he " painted " a number of the spectacular colorful musicals for which Fox Studios became famous for producing during the 1940s.

Karlson was " a gifted filmmaker who had recently graduated from the Poverty Row studio Monogram "; the film starred John Payne, a " popular crooner of the ’ 40s who some say was working his way down from Technicolor musicals at 20th Century Fox " but after his Fox contract expired produced several of his own films.

The Great American Songbook is a hypothetical construct that seeks to represent the best American songs of the 20th century principally from Broadway theatre, musical theatre, and Hollywood musicals, from the 1920s to 1960, including dozens of songs of enduring popularity.

The Astaire-Pan collaboration, involving 17 out of Astaire's 31 musical films and three of his four television specials, is widely accepted as one of the most important forces in dance choreography of 20th century film and television musicals.

The early 20th century also saw the growth of Broadway, a group of theatres specializing in musicals.

For much of the 19th and early 20th centuries, many linguists who studied Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic regarded them as members of a common Ural – Altaic family, together with Finno-Ugric and Samoyedic, based on such shared features as vowel harmony and agglutination.

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore.

" It is based on " similarities emanating from historical, social and cultural characteristics ", and it is identified as having been " one of the world's richest sources of creative talent " between the 17th and 20th centuries.

Balinese caste structure has been described in early 20th century European literature to be based on three categories – triwangsa ( thrice born ) or the nobility, dwijati ( twice born ) in contrast to ekajati ( once born ) the low folks.

This Corsican Constitution was the first based on Enlightenment principles and even allowed for female suffrage, something that was granted in other democracies only by the 20th century.

In the 20th century, experts in gemology have developed methods of grading diamonds and other gemstones based on the characteristics most important to their value as a gem.

Distributism ( also known as distributionism or distributivism ) is an economic philosophy that developed in England in the early 20th century based upon the principles of Catholic social teaching, especially the teachings of Pope Leo XIII in his encyclical Rerum Novarum and Pope Pius XI in Quadragesimo Anno.

The presence of Hegelianism was enormous in the intellectual life of France during the second half of the 20th century with the influence of Kojève and Hyppolite, but also with the impact of dialectics based on contradiction developed by marxists, and including the existentialism from Sartre, etc.

The genesis of EVM occurred in industrial manufacturing at the turn of the 20th century, based largely on the principle of " earned time " popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, but the concept took root in the United States Department of Defense in the 1960s.

Subsequent research by the likes of Hutton and Heselton has shown that in fact the New Forest coven was probably only formed in the early 20th century, based upon such sources as folk magic and the theories of Margaret Murray.

In the late 20th century instrument builder and American musician Robert Grawi created an electric double harp-lute based on the West African kora but strung and tuned differently.

In the first few decades of the 20th century, these early clinical " depth " scales were superseded by more sophisticated " hypnotic susceptibility " scales based on experimental research.

According to the all-time ranking published in 2009 by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics, an organization recognised by FIFA, based on clubs ' performance in international competitions, Juventus were Italy's best club and second in Europe of the 20th century.

Postmodernism is essentially a centralized movement that named itself, based on socio-political theory, although the term is now used in a wider sense to refer to activities from the 20th century onwards which exhibit awareness of and reinterpret the modern.

Two main modern developments in mechanics are general relativity of Einstein, and quantum mechanics, both developed in the 20th century based in part on earlier 19th century ideas.

Mutagenesis as a science was developed based on work done by Hermann Muller, Charlotte Auerbach and J. M. Robson in the first half of the 20th century.

Heavy guns based on the Maxim such as the Vickers machine gun were joined by many other machine weapons, which mostly had their start in the early 20th century such as the Hotchkiss machine gun.

Most countries of Europe adopted a national flag in the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, often based on older ( medieval ) war flags.

By the middle of the 20th century, it had become common to split the reptiles into four groups based on their skull openings.

The synapsid / sauropsid division supplemented, but was never as popular during the 20th century as a Linneaean approach splitting the reptiles into four subclasses based on the number and position of temporal fenestrae, openings in the sides of the skull behind the eyes.

In the 20th century a large number of roofing materials were developed, including roofs based on bitumen ( already used in previous centuries ), on rubber and on a range of synthetics such as thermoplastic and on fibreglass.

Jefferies, who was a pilot, based NCC on 20th century aircraft registration codes.

The UMIST emblem as used in the late 20th century ( based on the arms of the Institute, derived from the coat of arms of the lords of the manor of Manchester )