" Ever since the time of my ancestor Ali, the first Imam, that is to say over a period of thirteen hundred years, it has always been the tradition of our family that each Imam chooses his successor at his absolute and unfettered discretion from amongst any of his descendants, whether they be sons or remote male issue and in these circumstances and in view of the fundamentally altered conditions in the world in very recent years due to the great changes which have taken place including the discoveries of atomic science, I am convinced that it is in the best interest of the Shia Muslim Ismailia Community that I should be succeeded by a young man who has been brought up and developed during recent years and in the midst of the new age and who brings a new outlook on life to his office as Imam.

Ibn al-Athir ( 1166 – 1234 ) describes Alfonso as a tireless soldier who would sleep in his armor without benefit of cover, who responded when asked why he did not take his pleasure from one of the captives of Muslim chiefs, responded that the man devoted to war needs the companionship of men not women.

There was a great deal of freedom of interaction between the groups: for example, Sarah, the granddaughter of the Visigoth king Wittiza, married a Muslim man and bore two sons who were later counted among the ranks of the highest Arab nobility.

Muslim men could generally marry dhimmi women who are considered " People of the Book ," however Islamic jurists rejected the possibility any non-Muslim man might marry a Muslim woman.

He felt differently about the Muslim leader Muhammed Ali Jinnah, but was aware of his power, stating " If it could be said that any single man held the future of India in the palm of his hand in 1947, that man was Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

Muhammad bin Tughluq was renowned as the wealthiest man in the Muslim World at that time.

Muslims believe that Allah ( God ) will hold every human, Muslim and non-Muslim, accountable for his or her deeds at a preordained time unknown to man.

As long as a Muslim man possess the means to marry, he is not permitted to refrain from marriage on the grounds that he has dedicated himself to the service or the worship of Allah and to a life of monasticism and renunciation of the world.

During the last ten days of Ramadan, larger mosques within the Muslim community will host Iʿtikāf, a practice in which at least one Muslim man from the community must participate.

* The man who is not currently a fornicator may marry only a woman who is not currently a fornicatress or a chaste woman, a Muslim one or one from the people of the Book ( Jews and Christians ).

* The Muslim woman may marry only a Muslim man.

The Qur ' an permits a Muslim man to marry more than one woman at a time ( up to a maximum of four ), but does not encourage such behaviour.

In modern practice, it is uncommon for a Muslim man to have more than one wife ; if he does so, it is often due to the infertility of his first wife.

A Sunni Muslim divorce is effective when the man tells his wife that he is divorcing her, however a Shia divorce also requires four witnesses.

Some members of Scholars for 9 / 11 Truth believe that the man in this videotape is not Osama bin Laden at all, citing differences in weight and facial features, along with his wearing of a gold ring, which is forbidden by Muslim law, and writing with his right hand although bin Laden is left-handed.

* Akbar founds Fatehpur Sikri to honor the Muslim holy man Shaikh Salim Chisti, who has foretold the birth of Akbar's son and heir, Jahangir.

Ganesha appealed to a powerful Muslim holy man named Qutb al Alam, to stop the threat.

As a medieval Christian author William could hardly avoid hostility towards the kingdom's Muslim neighbours, but as an educated man who lived among Muslims in the east, he was rarely polemical or completely dismissive of Islam.

Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj Nishapuri says in his Sahih al-Bukhari, that a certain man ( during the time of Muhammad ), was reciting the sura al-Kahf from the Quran by his tethered horse, and as he was reciting, a cloud engulfed him, which was encircling and descending, whose sight caused his horse to jump and move, and so when morning came he went to Muhammad and informed him of what occurred, to which Muhammad replied that it was the Sakinah that descended for the Quran.

Abu Muslim was a loyal freed man from the eastern Iranian province of Khorasan who had led the Abbasid forces to victory over the Umayyads during the Third Fitna in 749 – 750.

The title " teacher " was first given to Aristotle by Muslim scholars, and was later used by Western philosophers ( as in the famous poem of Dante ) who were influenced by the tradition of Islamic philosophy.

Tabari, the most famous Muslim historian, in his Ta ' rikh quotes from Muhammad Bin Sa ' ad Bin Abi Waqqas, who said: " I asked my father whether Abu Bakr was the first of the Muslims.

Although Muslim scholars have often debated over who this verse refers to, most classical commentators and modern translators have taken the opinion that this refers to Amram, the father of Moses and Aaron.

The Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Constantinople towards the end of 1332, mentions in his memoirs having met Andronikos III.

To the south in Ifriqiya, the Fatimids had created an independent caliphate that threatened to attract the allegiance of the Muslim population, who had suffered under the harsh rule of Abdullah.

In 1400, the Central Asian warlord Timur had succeeded in rousing the local Turkic beyliks that had been vassals of the Ottomans to join him in his attack on Bayezid, who was considered one of the most powerful rulers in the Muslim world during that period.

Following a protracted legal process culminating in a court ruling favorable to the Bahá ' ís, the interior minister of Egypt released a decree on April 14, 2009, amending the law to allow Egyptians who are not Muslim, Christian, or Jewish to obtain identification documents that list dash in place of one of the three recognized religions.

In 1187, Saladin, the Sultan of Egypt and Syria who led the Muslim Ayyubids, captured Bethlehem from the Crusaders.

Sayed Noorullah Emad, who was then a young Muslim in the university of Kabul became General Secretary of the party and, later, its deputy chief.

An elephant clock in a manuscript by Al-Jazari ( 1206 AD ) from The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. In the 13th century, Al-Jazari, a Kurdish Muslim engineer from Mesopotamia ( lived 1136-1206 ) who worked for Artuqid king of Diyar-Bakr, Nasir al-Din, made numerous clocks of all shapes and sizes.

Ma Buqing was another Muslim General who fled to Taiwan along with Chiang.

Muslim sources say a by-product of the agreement was the recanting of Islam by many Christians who had been forced to convert under Al-Hakim's persecutions.

Mesnager ( 1717 ), in which he impersonates Nicolas Mesnager, the French plenipotentiary who negotiated the Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) and A Continuation of the Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy ( 1718 ), a satire on European politics and religion, professedly written by a Muslim in Paris.

He may have also been inspired by the Latin or English translation of a book by the Andalusian-Arab Muslim polymath Ibn Tufail, who was known as " Abubacer " in Europe.

Munro-Hay cites the Muslim historian Abu Ja ' far al-Khwarazmi / Kharazmi ( who wrote before 833 ) as stating that the capital of " the kingdom of Habash " was Jarma.

They are a predominantly Muslim nomadic people who inhabit the northern, western, and coastal lowlands of Eritrea, where they constitute 30 % of local residents.

While he was a devout Muslim who could recite the Koran, he was opposed to fanaticism and joked freely about Islam.

The saqalibah represented a third ethnic group that could neutralize the endless strife between his subjects of Muslim Arab heritage, and those of Muslim Berber heritage.

) To train the kind of infantry that could withstand the Muslim heavy cavalry, Charles needed them year-round, and he needed to pay them so their families could buy the food they would have otherwise grown.

Islam forbade raping concubines captured in wars and encouraged a culture of keeping them in Muslim household where they could be motivated to embrace Islam without any coercion through affectionate and humanitarian treatment.

His long march to Jerusalem and back north debilitated his army, but her imprisonment disheartened her knights, and the divided Crusade armies could not overcome the Muslim forces.

Maududi also believed that Muslim society could not be Islamic without Sharia, and Islam required the establishment of an Islamic state.

The Special Marriage Act allowed Muslims to marry under it and thereby retain the protections, generally beneficial to Muslim women, that could not be found in the personal law.

Contemporary chronicler William of Tyre recorded the census of 1183, which was intended to determine the number of men available to defend against an invasion, and to determine the amount of tax money that could be obtained from the inhabitants, Muslim or Christian.

Mercenaries could be fellow European crusaders, or, perhaps more often, Muslim soldiers, including the famous Turcopoles.

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, " Although there was a clear Muslim majority in Kashmir before the 1947 partition and its economic, cultural, and geographic contiguity with the Muslim-majority area of the Punjab ( in Pakistan ) could be convincingly demonstrated, the political developments during and after the partition resulted in a division of the region.

However, Muslim politicians were also worried that a strong army could be used against Muslim interests because it would be commanded by Christians.

In this way, a Muslim would not accidentally purchase pigskin leather, and a Hindu could avoid cow leather.

As Tunis was Muslim territory, his body was subject to the process known as mos Teutonicus ( a postmortem funerary custom used in mediæval Europe whereby the flesh was boiled from the body, so that the bones of the deceased could be transported hygienically from distant lands back home.

Gandhi suggested an agreement which required the Congress and Muslim League to cooperate and attain independence under a provisional government, thereafter, the question of partition could be resolved by a plebiscite in the districts with a Muslim majority.

She was a pioneer for Muslim and Arabic athletes in that she confounded long-held beliefs that women of such backgrounds could not succeed in athletics.

According to classical Muslim scholars ( such as Ibn Taymiyya ) the leader of the Muslim force capturing non-Muslim prisoners could choose whether to kill prisoners, to ransom them, to enslave them, or to cut off their hands and feet on alternate sides.