While administrative decision-making bodies are often controlled by larger governmental units, their decisions could be reviewed by a court of general jurisdiction under some principle of judicial review based upon due process ( United States ) or fundamental justice ( Canada ).

At worst, abusing judicial discretion would actually pave the way to a biased decision, rendering obsolete the judicial process in question — rule of law being illicitly subordinated by rule of man under such discriminating circumstances.

* Revised Code of Washington 9. 12. 010: " Every person who brings on his or her own behalf, or instigates, incites, or encourages another to bring, any false suit at law or in equity in any court of this state, with intent thereby to distress or harass a defendant in the suit, or who serves or sends any paper or document purporting to be or resembling a judicial process, that is not in fact a judicial process, is guilty of a misdemeanor ; and in case the person offending is an attorney, he or she may, in addition thereto be disbarred from practicing law within this state.

The judicial decree that someone be punished in this manner is a death sentence, while the actual process of killing the person is an execution.

They are the final stage of any judicial process serving as a Court of Cassation and create binding precedent based on Triple Reiterative Rulings from the Chambers of the Court.

Among several others, they highlight the fact that maintaining a judicial system, a fundamental requirement of the civil right to due process before the law and other rights relating to judicial process, is positive, resource-intensive, progressive and vague, while the social right to housing is precise, justiciable and can be a real ' legal ' right.

With few exceptions, controversies are not settled through authoritative structures because during the age of exile Jews have lacked a single judicial hierarchy or appellate review process for Halakha.

Certain scholars and political leaders feel that these modern developments endanger nation states by taking power away from state governments and ceding it to international bodies such as the U. N. and the World Bank, argue that international law has evolved to a point where it exists separately from the mere consent of states, and discern a legislative and judicial process to international law that parallels such processes within domestic law.

" A rebuttal to this is that a jury instruction about jury nullification " would transform the judicial process by providing a more rational basis for jury deliberation and decision making.

The peregrine praetor ( literally-the traveling judge ) within the next ten days after this law is passed by the people or plebs shall provide for the selection of 450 persons in this State who have or have had a knight's census ... provided that he does not select a person who is or has been plebeian tribune, quaestor, triumvir capitalis, military tribune in any of the first four legions, or triumvir for granting and assigning lands, or who is or has been in the Senate, or who has fought or shall fight as a gladiator for hire ... or who has been condemned by the judicial process and a public trial whereby he cannot be enrolled in the Senate, or who is less than thirty or more than sixty years of age, or who does not have his residence in the city of Rome or within one mile of it, or who is the father, brother, or son of any above-described magistrate, or who is the father, brother, or son of a person who is or has been a member of the Senate, or who is overseas.

* Janus ( TV series ), A television series created by the Australian Broadcasting Commission with two story lines: the criminal family being prosecuted and the police / judicial process

" Person of unsound mind " was the term used in 1950 in the English version of the European Convention on Human Rights as one of the types of person who could be deprived of liberty by a judicial process.

Under Marshall's conception of the judicial process in Marbury, judges themselves have no independent agency and can never take into account the consequences of their actions when deciding cases.

In the Roman law ius privatum included personal, property, civil and criminal law ; judicial proceeding was private process ( iudicium privatum ); and crimes were private ( except the most severe ones that were prosecuted by the state ).

* the judicial process lacks adversary character ; public prosecution is considered as " provider of justice.

They were committed broadly to the abolition of corruption within the Parliamentary and judicial process, toleration of religious differences, the translation of law into the common tongue and, arguably, something that could be considered democracy in its modern form-arguably the first time contemporary democratic ideas had been formally framed and adopted by a political movement.

Filing vexatious litigation is considered an abuse of the judicial process and may result in sanctions against the offender.

* or for relying on a complex empirical process of investigation that is poorly understood and only recently embarked upon.

The outputs of the modelling process may be highly artistic renderings, outputs for investigation, or benchmarks for fractal analysis.

The process of historical analysis involves investigation and analysis of competing ideas, facts and purported facts to create coherent narratives that explain " what happened " and " why or how it happened ".

Senior US officials viewed Karzai's US advised move as an effort to protect those close to Karzai and the NGOs, in the process, to further the investigation into New Ansari.

As he slowly continued analyzing Tycho's Mars observations — now available to him in their entirety — and began the slow process of tabulating the Rudolphine Tables, Kepler also picked up the investigation of the laws of optics from his lunar essay of 1600.

The system in Germany whereby citizens were tried by their peers chosen from the entire community in open court was gradually superseded by an " engine of tyranny and oppression " in which the " process of investigation is secret, and life and liberty depend on the sentence of a judge or judges appointed by the state ".

The question of whether the harmonized gospel materials found in Justin's writings came from a preexisting gospel harmony or were assembled as part of an integral process of creating scriptural proof-texts is an ongoing subject of scholarly investigation.

The metabolic process was identified in 1960s as catalysis by cytochrome P450 which produces reactive species that can interact with the DNA to form adducts, the mechanism by which the PAH adducts give rise to mutation however is still under investigation.

For a further detailed investigation of the process more attention should be paid to the output impedance of the porator device and the input impedance of the cells suspension ( e. g. salt content ).

Ultimately, a description of this process in a suitable way for the specific purpose at hand is what makes the EDM area such a rich field for further investigation and research.

They were released four days later, but it remains unclear whether the ongoing investigation would lead to an illegalization process similar to that in Spain.

USMS's hiring process has a nondisclosure agreement, so the specific details of the process are not completely revealed ; however applicants must pass a written test, an oral board interview, an extensive background investigation, a medical examination, a drug test, and multiple fitness in total exams ( FIT ) even to be considered to be selected for training.

The investigation is the first of its kind and is the QAA ’ s revised “ whistleblower ” process for investigating concerns about academic standards and quality.

As a result of the findings from this investigation, it was decided that the process to canonize Rodríguez could be started.

The relationship between the need for closure and deviant bias: An investigation of generality and process.

Another controversy occurred during the bidding process when an undercover investigation by British television series Panorama revealed a corruption scandal associated with IOC member Ivan Slavkov and Olympic agents, who offered to deliver votes from IOC members to any 2012 Olympic bid in return for financial favours.

Some of the significant achievements of early Muslim philosophers included the development of a strict science of citation, the isnad or " backing "; the development of a method of open inquiry to disprove claims, the ijtihad, which could be generally applied to many types of questions ( although which to apply it to is an ethical question ); the willingness to both accept and challenge authority within the same process ; recognition that science and philosophy are both subordinate to morality, and that moral choices are prior to any investigation or concern with either ; the separation of theology ( kalam ) and law ( shariah ) during the early Abbasid period, a precursor to secularism ; the distinction between religion and philosophy, marking the beginning of secular thought ; the beginning of a peer review process ; early ideas on evolution ; the beginnings of the scientific method, an important contribution to the philosophy of science ; the introduction of temporal modal logic and inductive logic ; the beginning of social philosophy, including the formulation of theories on social cohesion and social conflict ; the beginning of the philosophy of history ; the development of the philosophical novel and the concepts of empiricism and tabula rasa ; and distinguishing between essence and existence.

They function as an expedited form of justice where the state agents conduct an initial investigation and the adjudicator's job is to confirm these preliminary findings through a simplified form of procedure that grants some basic amount of due process or fundamental justice in which the accused party has an opportunity to place his or her objections on the record.

This concealed the underlying process until an investigation by Jeff Severinghaus and Wallace Broecker of Columbia University's Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory using isotopic analysis showed that carbon dioxide was reacting with exposed concrete inside Biosphere 2 to form calcium carbonate, thereby sequestering both carbon and oxygen.

Adjudication is the process directly following a background investigation where the investigation results are reviewed to determine if a candidate should be awarded a security clearance.

** Business process investigation and analysis

# Chromatin undergoes condensation into compact patches against the nuclear envelope ( also known as the perinuclear envelope ) in a process known as pyknosis, a hallmark of apoptosis.

Under unspecific or impersonal coercion the conditional threats come from well-known and socially accepted general rules and – rather than any individual or sub-group – and are directed against anybody in the stated conditions, according to clearly stated principles of due process.

When computer files contain information that is extremely important, a back-up process is used to protect against disasters that might destroy the files.

:" If I had stated ... the possibility of the introduction or origination of fresh species being a natural, in contradistinction to a miraculous process, I should have raised a host of prejudices against me, which are unfortunately opposed at every step to any philosopher who attempts to address the public on these mysterious subjects ".

Despite assurances against reprisals, the returning Spanish authorities proved to be merciless with the rebels and, in the process of ferreting out participants in the Quito revolt, jailed and abused many innocent citizens.

Using uniformitarianism, which states that one cannot make an appeal to any force or phenomenon which cannot presently be observed ( see catastrophism ), Darwin theorized that the evolutionary process must occur gradually, not in saltations, since saltations are not presently observed, and extreme deviations from the usual phenotypic variation would be more likely to be selected against.

If all water flow has stopped, the loaded waste valve reopens against the now static head, which allows the process to begin again.

During the Second World War, Finland fought twice against the Soviet Union and defended its independence, though in the process it in the 1947 peace settlement ended up ceding a large part of Karelia and some other areas to the Soviet Union.

Today the terms inoculation, vaccination and immunization are used more or less interchangeably and popularly refer to the process of artificial induction of immunity against various infectious diseases.

Thus, " discrimination " against ( i. e., negative differential treatment of ) potential insureds in the risk evaluation and premium-setting process is a necessary by-product of the fundamentals of insurance underwriting.

Specifically, the process was first used by the English " Good Parliament " against Baron Latimer in the second half of the 14th century.

Performance appraisal or performance evaluation is the process of measuring an individual's work behaviors and outcomes against the expectations of the job.

Since the end of the war, Jordan has largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq.

* 1822 – The Portuguese prince Pedro I of Brazil decides to stay in Brazil against the orders of the Portuguese King João VI, starting the Brazilian independence process.

Marx noted that this was not an intentional process ; rather, no individual or even state can go against the forces of economy.

A Komodo dragon may attempt to speed up the process by ramming the carcass against a tree to force it down its throat, sometimes ramming so forcefully that the tree is knocked down.

Outside and against this process of turning of Marxism into an ideology of domination, however, were various revolutionary tendencies which still drew on Marx's work to inform their struggles and which rejected both social-democratic and Marxist-Leninist versions of his theory.

The slow process of using detectives to investigate patent infringements, and of obtaining injunctions against the infringers, was outpaced by the dynamic rise of new companies in diverse locations.

It is not clear if the process against the Templars was initiated by the Inquisition on the basis of suspected heresy or if the Inquisition itself was exploited by the king of France, Philip the Fair, who wanted the knights ' wealth.

President Obama also issued an executive order expanding existing sanctions against individuals who violate human rights to include those who threaten Burma ’ s political restructuring process.

This process of collectivization included " dekulakization ", in which kulaks were forced off their land, persecuted, and killed in a wave of terror unleashed by the Soviet state against them.

Josephus does not record any attempts by the Sicarii to counterattack the besiegers during this process, a significant difference from his accounts of other sieges against Jewish fortresses.

The liberal Foreign Investment Act of 1990 provides guarantees against nationalisation, freedom to remit capital and profits, currency convertibility, and a process for settling disputes equitably.

During negotiations, anger disrupts the process by reducing the level of trust, clouding parties ' judgment, narrowing parties ' focus of attention and changing their central goal from reaching agreement to retaliating against the other side.