Before the widespread use of non-linear editing systems, the initial editing of all films was done with a positive copy of the film negative called a film workprint ( cutting copy in UK ) by physically cutting and pasting together pieces of film, using a splicer and threading the film on a machine with a viewer such as a Moviola, or " flatbed " machine such as a K .- E .- M. or Steenbeck.

Before digital technology became widespread, for many decades, the scanned data was transmitted as analog.

Before the widespread availability of incendiary ammunition made commerce raiding too risky, they would also land or hover close to a merchant ship suspected of carrying contraband, order all ship's hands to leave in boats, then inspect the ship, and either destroy it or take it back to Germany as prize.

Before motorized transport became widespread, drummers played a key role in military conflicts.

Before the widespread use of Unix, TOPS-10 was a particularly popular system in universities, and in the early ARPANET community.

Before the widespread use of a vaccine against measles, its incidence was so high that infection with measles was felt to be " as inevitable as death and taxes.

Before local elections and in the face of widespread residents ' opposition to the distribution center, the Buda City Council unanimously voted against the land change.

Before the use of chopsticks became widespread, in the Nara period, rice was often rolled into a small ball so that it could be easily picked up.

Before the vaccine to rubella was introduced in 1969, widespread outbreaks usually occurred every 6 – 9 years in the United States and 3 – 5 years in Europe, mostly affecting children in the 5-9 year old age group.

* Before the widespread adoption of CAD, engineering plans or architectural drawings were plotted onto sheets of boPET film.

Before the widespread availability of Internet connectivity, computers were only connected by smaller private networks within a company or organization.

Before the early 1970s, hand-held electronic calculators were not yet in widespread use.

Before the mission of Lunar Prospector lunar satellite, it was commonly thought that these KREEP materials had been formed in a widespread layer beneath the crust.

Before the widespread availability of electric blenders, milkshake-type drinks were more like eggnog, or they were a hand-shaken mixture of crushed ice and milk, sugar, and flavorings.

Before this the sale of hides, grain, honey, and wax to the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and Poland, and the import of silk, weapons and other manufactured goods from these areas had been widespread, but by the end of the 16th century the Ottoman Empire became the main market for Romanian products.

Before widespread formal education, Cantonese opera taught morals and messages to its audiences rather than being solely entertainment.

One of the first uses of perspective was in Giotto ’ s Jesus Before the Caïf, more than 100 years before Brunelleschi ’ s perspectival demonstrations galvanized the widespread use of convergent perspective of the Renaissance proper.

Before it was even in widespread service it was seeing major improvements.

Sariel is identified as being the same angel as Saraqael, said in the Book of Enoch to be the fifth archangel, set over spirits who sin in the spirit, change into all virtues, to eradicate particularly widespread vices of a city or a whole district and transform into all virtues, Before the identification of Sariel / Saraqael as the fifth archangel, however, the Book of Enoch identifies Sariel as one of the fallen host's " chiefs of tens.

Before the widespread use of gel electrophoresis, protein electrophoresis was performed as free flow electrophoresis, on paper, or as immunoelectrophoresis.

Before diesel engines came into widespread use, a similar system, using a petrol ( gasoline ) engine and called petrol-electric or gas-electric, was sometimes used.

Before widespread acceptance of any new test, the former test retains its status as the " gold standard.

Before the widespread use of online trading for the general public, paper trading was considered too difficult by many new investors.

Before electricity became sufficiently widespread and economical to allow for general public use, gas was the most popular means of lighting in cities and suburbs.

Before its adoption as Australia's national anthem, Advance Australia Fair saw considerable use elsewhere.

Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite, racquets were made of light metals such as aluminium.

Before the adoption of the current year numbering system, other systems were in use.

Before the adoption of WYSIWYG techniques, text appeared in editors using the system standard typeface and style with little indication of layout ( margins, spacing etc .).

Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite, racquets were made of wood to their excessive weight and cost.

Before his official adoption as a Roman deity, Liber was companion to two different goddesses in two separate, archaic Italian fertility cults ; Ceres, an agricultural and fertility goddess of Rome's Hellenised neighbours, and Libera, who was either Liber's female equivalent or became so through assimilation.

Before their adoption of guns, the Plains Indians hunted with spears, bows, and bows and arrows, and various forms of clubs.

Before the adoption of luck at the end of the Middle Ages, Old English and Middle English expressed the notion of " good fortune " with the word speed ( Middle English spede, Old English spēd ); speed besides " good fortune " had the wider meaning of " prosperity, profit, abundance "; it is not associated with the notion of probability or chance but rather with that of fate or divine help ; a bestower of success can also be called speed, as in " Christ be our speed " ( William Robertson, Phraseologia generalis, 1693 ).

Before the official adoption of the yotta prefix, the multiple was also known as otta.

Before the adoption of timecode by the motion picture industry in the late 1980s, pilottone-sync was the basis of all professional magnetic motion picture sound recording systems, whereas most amateur film formats used pre-striped magnetic coating on the film itself for live-sound recording.

Before the popular adoption of " The Dons ", the team were variously known as " The Wasps " or " The Black and Golds "; both names a reference to the yellow and black striped shirts of the time.

Before the adoption of the democratic Weimar Constitution it was not allowed to teach in another language than German in school ( apart from religious education lessons ).

Before the adoption of the Skule Yell, the original cheer was significantly shorter:

Before the adoption of the state constitution in 1780, it was called the Great and General Court, but the official title was shortened by John Adams, author of the state constitution, apparently in the name of republican simplicity.

Before its adoption in 1931, the official flag of the Isle of Man was the Union Flag.

Before the adoption of color-coded names, the Blue Line was referred to as the West-Northwest Route ( which it is still sometimes referred to as today ) or more commonly, the O ' Hare-Congress-Douglas route for its three branches.

Before the wide adoption of Pinyin, the name of the city ( often viewed as a county seat, i. e. Qufu xian ) was transcribed in English in a variety of ways, such as Ch ' ü-fou-hien, Kio-feu-hien, Kio-fou-hien,

Before its adoption by Nicholas I, narodnost was a central tenet of Russian Romantic writers, the Russian expression of a principle more often called Romantic nationalism.

Before their adoption of guns, the Plains Indians hunted with spears, bows and arrows, and various forms of clubs.

Before the adoption of the state constitution, Belarus had a prime minister ever since they broke away from the Soviet Union.

Before the adoption of the 2002 bylaws, the predecessor body known as the Joint Council served essentially the same role as the new World Church Leadership Council.

Before the adoption of pixel shader-enhanced bump mapping methods such as normal and parallax mapping that simulate higher mesh detail, curved 3D shapes in games were created with large numbers of triangles.

Before the adoption of the golden anchor, the symbol of Delta Gamma was simply an " H " for the word " hope.