Jacob Burckhardt, in his cultural classic The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, observed that hierarchy, exclusionary and inherited caste structure was pervasive in Italy, from the nobili caste to the merchants to the peasants.

The site remained unknown to the Western world until 1812, when it was introduced by Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.

The first European to describe them was Swiss traveller Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812.

It is commonly accepted that the first systematic attempt at human psychosurgery was conducted by the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt in the late 1880s.

He differed significantly from Burckhardt in that he did not think there was any physical anatomical pathology in the brains of the mentally ill, but rather that their neural pathways were caught in fixed and destructive circuits As he wrote in 1936:

Later, Burckhardt was condemned for his methodology while Moniz's more favorable results earned him acceptance within the psychology community.

A significant advantage of this approach was that, unlike the position adopted by Burckhardt, it was unfalsifiable according to the knowledge and technology of the time as the absence of a known correlation between physical brain pathology and mental illness could not disprove his thesis.

One of his most widely exhibited and best loved works of the 1880s was The Lady with the Rose ( 1882 ), a portrait of Charlotte Burckhardt, a close friend and possible romantic attachment.

Zedler could rely on the support of Jacob August Franckenstein, a professor of natural and international law at the University of Leipzig, and was a friend of the publisher of New Learned Works, Johann Burckhardt Mencke.

Johann Ludwig ( also known as John Lewis, Jean Louis ) Burckhardt ( November 24, 1784 – October 15, 1817 ) was a Swiss traveller and orientalist.

Burckhardt was born in Lausanne.

Upon acceptance Burckhardt planned to travel to the Levant in order to study Arabic, in the belief that his journey to Africa would be facilitated if he was accepted to be as a Muslim.

The first English translation was done in partial form by Angela Culme-Seymour from the French translation of Titus Burckhardt as Wisdom of the Prophets ( 1975 ), and the first full translation was by Ralph Austin as Bezels of Wisdom ( 1980 ).

the 19th century by Jacob Burckhardt, who was Swiss historian

The first provisional orbit was computed in June by Johann Karl Burckhardt.

Carl Jacob Christoph Burckhardt ( Basel, May 25, 1818 – August 8, 1897 in Basel ) was a historian of art and culture, and an influential figure in the historiography of each field.

The temple was forgotten until 1813, when Swiss orientalist Jean-Louis Burckhardt found the top frieze of the main temple.

Burckhardt talked about his discovery with Italian explorer Giovanni Belzoni, who travelled to the site, but was unable to dig out an entry to the temple.

Kugler's pupil, the great Swiss art historian Jacob Burckhardt, though he could not be called a specialist in medieval art, was an important figure in developing the understanding of it.

The city of Petra was brought to the attention of Westerners by the Swiss explorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt in 1812.

The critic and historian Jacob Burckhardt was from Basel.

As originally conceived and practiced by 19th Century Swiss historian Jakob Burckhardt with regard to the Italian Renaissance, cultural history was oriented to the study of a particular historical period in its entirety, with regard not only for its painting, sculpture and architecture, but for the economic basis underpinning society, and the social institutions of its daily life as well.

" Jacob Burckhardt portrayed Alberti in The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy as a truly universal genius.

The Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt ( 1818 – 1897 ) in his Die Cultur der Renaissance in Italien ( 1860 ), by contrast, defined the Renaissance as the period between Giotto and Michelangelo in Italy, that is, the 14th to mid-16th centuries.

As preparation Burckhardt briefly studied Arabic at the University of Cambridge, and prepared for his rigorous career as an explorer by wandering bareheaded in the English countryside during a heatwave, subsisting on vegetables and water, and sleeping on the bare ground.

Burckhardt temporarily abandoned this goal to travel up the Nile as far as Dar Mahass ; and then, finding it impossible to penetrate westward, he made a journey through the Nubian desert in the character of a poor Syrian merchant, passing by Berber and Shendi to Suakin, on the Red Sea, whence he performed the pilgrimage to Mecca by way of Jidda.

* The Unanimous Tradition, Essays on the essential unity of all religions, by Joseph Epes Brown, Titus Burckhardt, Rama P. Coomaraswamy, Gai Eaton, Isaline B. Horner, Toshihiko Izutsu, Martin Lings, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Lord Northbourne, Marco Pallis, Whitall N. Perry, Leo Schaya, Frithjof Schuon, Philip Sherrard, William Stoddart, Elémire Zolla, edited by Ranjit Fernando, Sri Lanka Institute of Traditional Studies, 1991 ISBN 955-9028-01-4

Burckhardt says that the wall and ditch around the city had been built by Othman el Medhayfe.

Burckhardt says that the castle had been built by Sharif Ghalib.

* Burckhardt, John Lewis, 1784-1817 ( 1822 ): Travels in Syria and the Holy Land Edition: reprint, Published by J. Murray, 668 pages.

* Burckhardt, John Lewis, 1784-1817 ( 1822 ): Travels in Syria and the Holy Land Edition: reprint, Published by J. Murray, 668 pages.

Fishes of Guiana, Part II., by Robert H. Schomburgk with, Portrait and Memoir of John Lewis Burckhardt.

According to Andrew Nagorski ( 2007 ; The Greatest Battle ) Adolf Hitler had declared his intention to invade the USSR on 11 August 1939 to Carl Jacob Burckhardt, League of Nations Commissioner by saying, " Everything I undertake is directed against the Russians.

Another student, Johann Karl Burckhardt published the book Theorie der Kettenbrüche after being encouraged by Hindenberg to work on continued fractions.

There are works by Burckhardt, Mastroianni, Kemény, Penalba, Arp, Braque, Hajdu, Soniatta, Miró, Calder, Soulages, Giacometti, Tàpies, Coghuf, Valentin, Otto Müller, Stahly, Baier, Bodmer, Oertli, Gehr, Gubler, Prantl, Baumgarten, Disler, Bill, Josef Felix Müller, Paladino, Richter, Fabro, and Cucchi.

Gradually the podests became more despotic and more corrupt: the sale of public offices at Ferrara was a matter of public record, as Jakob Burckhardt noted: " At the new year 1502 the majority of the officials bought their places at prezzi salati ( pungent prices ) public servants of the most various kinds, custom-house officers, massari / bailiffs, notaries, podesta, judges, and even governors of provincial towns are quoted by name.

Some of Schuon's most eminent students include Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Titus Burckhardt ( 1908 – 1984 ) and Martin Lings ( 1909 – 2005 ), author of the aforementioned text, A Sufi Saint of the Twentieth Century and the universally acclaimed biography of the Prophet, Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources.

* Averil Cameron ( professor at King's College and Oxford ) and Stuart Hall ( historian and theologian ), in their recent translation of the Life of Constantine, point out that writers such as Burckhardt found it necessary to attack Eusebius in order to undermine the ideological legitimacy of the Habsburg empire, which based itself on the idea of Christian empire derived from Constantine, and that the most controversial letter in the Life has since been found among the papyri of Egypt.

On the recommendation of the orientalist, J. L. Burckhardt, he was sent by Henry Salt, the British consul to Egypt, to the Ramesseum at Thebes, from where he removed with great skill the colossal bust of Ramesses II, commonly called " the Young Memnon ".

Glance at the list: Burckhardt, Tolstoy, Proudhon, Thoreau, London, Marx, Tawney, Mayo, Durkheim, Tannenbaum, Mumford, A. R. Heron, Huxley, Schweitzer, and Einstein.

At Kuffeir near Bostra in Syria, Burckhardt found stone doors, 9 to.

In the 19th century Jacob Burckhardt viewed Eusebius as ' a liar ', the “ first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity .” Ramsay MacMullen in the 20th century regarded Eusebius's work as representative of early Christian historical accounts in which “ Hostile writings and discarded views were not recopied or passed on, or they were actively suppressed ..., matters discreditable to the faith were to be consigned to silence .” As a consequence this kind of methodology in MacMullens view has distorted modern attempts, ( e. g. Harnack, Nock, and Brady ), to describe how the Church grew in the early centuries.

" Burckhardt also mentions Alberti's love for animals.

However, the nineteenth-century Swiss historian Jacob Burckhardt noted that Jean Buridan had climbed the same mountain a few years before, and ascents accomplished during the Middle Ages have been recorded, including that of Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne.

Both Michelet and Burckhardt were keen to describe the progress made in the Renaissance towards the modern age.

Burckhardt likened the change to a veil being removed from man's eyes, allowing him to see clearly.

The modern history of psychosurgery begins in the 1880s under the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt.

The first systematic attempt at human psychosurgery is commonly attributed to the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt.

In December 1888 Burckhardt operated on the brains of six patients ( one of whom died a few days after the operation ) at the Préfargier Asylum, cutting out a piece of cerebral cortex.

Burckhardt operated on the brains of six patients ( one of whom died a few days after the operation ) at Préfargier Asylum, cutting out a piece of cerebral cortex.

It has precedents, however, in the history of philosophy, the history of ideas, and in cultural history as practiced since Burckhardt or indeed since Voltaire.

But in 1951, the Neuen Helvetischen Gesellschaft ( New Swiss Society ), under the leadership of Emil Egli, got 150, 000 Swiss citizens to sign a petition protesting the project ; among the signatories were 49 famous citizens, including Hermann Hesse and Carl Jacob Burckhardt.