By John Singleton Copley ( 1738 – 1815 )

By 1815, Britain became the principal power in the Indian Ocean.

By 1815, Pittsburgh was producing significant quantities of iron, brass, tin and glass products.

By 1815, Jefferson's library included 6, 487 books, which he sold to the Library of Congress for $ 23, 950 to replace the smaller collection destroyed in the War of 1812.

By 1815, Williams had only two buildings and 58 students and was in financial trouble, so the board voted to move the college to Amherst, Massachusetts.

By 1815, Europe had been almost constantly at war.

By 1815, the United States, the primary client for Turks salt, had been at war with Britain ( and hence Bermuda ) for three years, and had established other sources of salt.

By 1815, the British Army would play the central role in the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo.

By August 1815 the whole Alvearista faction was in disgrace and Posadas was jailed.

By 1688, matters had calmed down enough that a new chapel, Christ Church, was founded in Dampiet Street, the congregation of which became Unitarian in 1815.

By 1815 the fort had fallen into a ruined state and it wasn't until 1903 that it was sold and improved by its farmer tenants.

By 1815 there were 90 houses in Strasburg, about half of which were two stories, indicating a relatively well-off population.

By 1815 the Green Man had become a school known as Dr. Glennie's academy in Dulwich Grove, although it was demolished about ten years later.

By 1815, the town plot was complete.

Plans of the Attacks Upon Antwerp, Bergen-Op-Zoom, Cambray, Peronne, Maubeuge, Landrecy, Marienbourg, Philippeville and Rocroy, By the British and Prussian Armies in the Campaigns of 1814 and of 1815.

By decision and order dated June 21, 2002, the trial court held that the subject lands were ceded to Great Britain in the 1764 treaties of peace and that the subject lands were not owned by the Seneca at the time of the 1794 Treaty of Canandaigua and that New York State's purchase of them in 1815 was intended to avoid conflict with the Senecas over land it already owned.

By 1815, Pittsburgh was producing large quantities of iron, brass, tin, and glass products.

By his valiant service during the first successful boarding and capture of an enemy man-of-war on the high seas by the United States Navy since 1815, Lt. David contributed materially to the effectiveness of the Battle of the Atlantic and upheld the highest traditions of the U. S. Naval Service.

By James Lonsdale ( painter ) | James Lonsdale, 1815.

written by William Browne published in 1815 in his book " Original Poems By William Browne.

By terms of the treaty signed aboard the Guerriere in the Bay of Algiers, 3 July 1815, Decatur agreed to return the captured Meshuda and Estedio while the Algerians returned all American captives, estimated to be about 10, and a significant group of European captives were exchanged for about 500 subjects of the Dey along with $ 10, 000 in payment for seized shipping.

By the Napoleonic era ( 1793 – 1815 ), a midshipman was an apprentice officer who had previously served at least three years as a volunteer, officer's servant or able seaman, and was roughly equivalent to a present day petty officer in rank and responsibilities.

By 1770, the building was handed over to the Royal Stables, who used it for various purposes until its demolition in 1815.

By 1815, Albany was the state's turnpike center, which established the city as the hub for pioneers migrating west to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory.

By 1844, the Whigs began their recovery by nominating Henry Clay, who lost to Democrat James K. Polk in a closely contested race, with Polk's policy of western expansion ( particularly the annexation of Texas ) and free trade triumphing over Clay's protectionism and caution over the Texas question.

By the time of the next director's elections in 1718 politics had changed again, with a schism within the Whigs between Walpole's faction supporting the Prince of Wales and James Stanhope supporting the King.

By 30 December the legislation was passed, despite the opposition of the Whigs.

By the next election, amid increasing regional tensions and divisions among Whigs over the issue of slavery, Benjamin had joined the Democratic Party ; in the South the party was dominated by the planter slaveholding elite.

By the late 1830s, the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs politically battled it out nationally and in every state.

By 1834 the Whigs emerged as the opposition to Andrew Jackson, led by Henry Clay of Kentucky.

By 1839 the Whigs and Radicals in parliament were informally being called “ the Liberal party .”

By 1852 Crosby switched her political allegiance from support for the Jacksonian Democrats to the anti-slavery Whigs, writing the poem " Carry Me On " for the Whigs in 1852.

By the mid-1850s, Free Soil Democrats ( those who followed David Wilmot and his Proviso ) and anti-slavery Whigs had combined to form the Republican Party.

By 1827 members of the old Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican Party had split into a Jacksonian, or Democratic faction or an Adams / Clay faction, known initially as the National Republicans, and later as Whigs.

By now Harmony could see that most of the adults in the train were winded and resting, or else siphoned off from the games by the challenging lure of the great cliff towering above them.

By the time Lilian had been graduated from public school, her parents were doing quite well.

By this time she had learned that it was futile to argue with her young husband, yet the uncomfortable fact remained: the American Congregationalists were sending them as missionaries to the Far East and paying their salaries.

By early June they were a hundred miles off the coast of Ceylon, by which time all four missionaries were hardened seafarers.

By this time, as we shall see, the Tories were already planning to `` punish '' Steele for his political writing by expelling him from the House of Commons.

By 1783 her legions had managed to annex the Crimea amid scenes of wanton cruelty and now, in this second combat with the Crescent, were aiming at suzerainty over all of the Black Sea's northern shoreline.

By this time Woodruff had accurately measured Pike as a man of great personal pride, a man who would fly into a towering rage if his integrity were questioned, and who would be anxious to avenge himself.

By political, economic, geographic and natural standards, they were justified in doing so.

By the time he was prosperous enough -- his goals were high -- he was bald and afraid of women.

By comparison, Fritzie and Laura Andrus were quivering fledglings.

By the time the film was released we were three million dollars over-spent, war was imminent and the public apparently had forgotten all about Mother Cabrini.

By this time there is little doubt but what election plans were complete.

By 1960 there were such schools in all but 4 states.

By fall, 443 survivors of this arduous journey were clustered about Fort Snelling, but most of them were sent on to Galena and St. Louis, with a few going as far as Vevay, Indiana, a notable Swiss center in the United States.

By the end of the nineteenth century, in 1893, when the Big Three, Columbia, and Penn were populous centers of learning, Dartmouth graduated only sixty-nine.

By the time her hindquarters were in a standin' position, her knees were on the ground in a prayin' attitude.

By 1926, when the mighty Yanks were at their mightiest, only a few of these were left but they still shone brightest, even beside able and agile rookies like Tony Lazzeri ( who managed never to have one of his epileptic fits on the field ), Mark Koenig, Lou Gehrig, George Pipgras, and gray-thatched Earl Combs.

By 1910 the courts were crowded with cases, many of them brought by freebooters who trafficked in disputed inventions.

By then, the stranger was thanking Haney profusely and had one arm around his shoulders as if he were an old friend.

By comparing the form of several yupanas, researchers found that calculations were based using the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 and powers of 10, 20 and 40 as place values for the different fields in the instrument.

By 1840 there were still only ten colonial bishops for the Church of England ; but even this small beginning greatly facilitated the growth of Anglicanism around the world.