By 1860, wheat farms had been established from Encounter Bay in the south to Clare in the north.

By 1860, Cuba was devoted to growing sugar, having to import all other necessary goods.

By 1860 the largest slaveholder owned only 16 slaves.

By the 1860 census on the verge of the Civil War, 91. 7 percent of the black population, or nearly 20, 000 people, were free.

By 1860, England removed the last vestiges of the mercantile era.

By 1860 a dozen steamers were operating in the high water season along the Murray and its tributaries.

By 1860, when the first rumblings of secession began to be heard across the South, antebellum Nashville was a very prosperous city.

By 1860, 500, 000 slaves had grown to 4 million.

By 1860 the total number of slaves reached almost four million, and the American Civil War, beginning in 1861, led to the end of slavery in the United States.

By 1860, this " new engine " had already established a reputation for juvenile use in vandalism, as well as at least one human death.

By 1860, almost half a million people, roughly 31 % of the total population of Virginia, were enslaved.

By 1860 about half of the children between 5 and 15 were in school ( including Sunday school ).

By 1860 blacks ( nearly all slaves ) comprised 45 percent of the state's 964, 201 people.

By 1860 the population had grown to 380, 000.

By 1860 there was a telegraph station in Carson City, Nevada.

By petition of Rockville's citizens, the Maryland General Assembly incorporated the village on March 10, 1860.

By a treaty concluded in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III, the County was again ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy unified with Piedmont-Sardinia.

By 1860, the Southern states were providing two-thirds of the world ’ s supply of cotton, and up to 80 % of the crucial British market.

By 1860 approximately one in three Southerners was a slave.

By 1860, the total County population was 99, 000 and the largest city was Yonkers.

By 1870 the population in the states served by the Oregon Trail and its offshoots increased by about 350, 000 over their 1860 census levels.

By 1860, Denver City, Golden City, and Boulder City were substantial towns serving the mines.

By 1860, as many as 10, 000 prospectors had flocked to the town, then known as Mountain City, and surrounding prospects, but most soon left, many returning back east.

By 1860, he was working for wholesale grocers, for whom he handled freight transfers, especially dealing with railroads and steamboats.

By 1860 the Chinese were the largest immigrant group in California.

By 1980, a number of national computer facilities ( ULCC London, UMRCC Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory serving the Science and Engineering Research Council community ), each with their own star network had developed.

By the last game of the season, both Blackburn and Manchester were in contention for the title.

By September 1945, Newman was appointed head of the Mathematics Department and to the Fielden Chair of Pure Mathematics at the University of Manchester.

By this time the institution was called the Manchester Municipal School of Technology or fondly known as The Tech.

By 1966 all non-degree courses were moved to the Manchester Polytechnic which is now known as Manchester Metropolitan University, and in 1966 the name finally changed to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology on the initiative of Acting Principal Frank Morton.

By this time they had started to build a sizeable following in Manchester, and their first gig in the North of England at Clouds in Preston attracted a large audience, but descended into a riot after technical problems and friction between the bands on the bill.

By 1905, the two institutions were large and active forces in the area, and the Municipal College of Technology, forerunner of UMIST, formed the Faculty of Technology of the Victoria University of Manchester while continuing as a technical college in parallel with the advanced courses of study in the faculty.

By 1837, the residents of Wayne found themselves in Manchester Township in the newly formed Passaic County.

A defence of Blier's work up until 2000 was written by Sue Harris, Queen Mary College, London and published in 2001 By Manchester University Press.

By using the Channel Tunnel and the A26, Béthune is 3 hours 30 minutes from London and 6 hours 45 minutes from Manchester.

By James Braid, M. R. C. S. E., Manchester.

By JAMES BRAID, Esq., Surgeon, of Manchester ", The Monthly Journal of Medical Science, Vol. 17, ( July 1853 ), pp. 14 – 47.

By 1734 boats " of moderate size " were able to make the journey from quays near Water Street in Manchester to the Irish Sea, but the navigation was only suitable for small ships ; during periods of low rainfall or when strong easterly winds held back the tide in the estuary, there was not always sufficient depth of water for a fully laden boat.

By the early 19th century Chemnitz had become an industrial centre ( sometimes called " the Saxon Manchester ").

By reaching the final, Stoke qualified for the 2011 – 12 UEFA Europa League, after Manchester City confirmed a place in the Champions League.

By rail, Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool are about an hour and London about 90 minutes by rail and three to four hours by road.

By 1913 Henry Ford had built a new factory in Manchester and was the leading UK producer, building 7310 cars that year, followed by Wolseley at 3000, Humber ( making cars since 1898 in Coventry ) at 2500, Rover ( Coventry car maker since 1904 ) at 1800 and Sunbeam ( producing cars since 1901 ) at 1700, with the plethora of smaller producers bringing the 1913 total up to about 16, 000 vehicles.

By the time the trains reached the outskirts of Manchester the crowd had become hostile and was spilling onto the tracks.

By the late 1980s, the Happy Mondays were an important part of the Manchester music scene and personified rave culture.

By 1937, 130 train services ran daily between Manchester and Altrincham.

By 1969 Aer Lingus was operating to London Heathrow, Manchester and Bristol.

By the late 12th century, a family who adopted the name Assheton held the manor on behalf of the Barons of Manchester.

By the mid-20th century, thanks to the opening of the Manchester Ship Canal in 1894 and the Stanlow Oil Refinery in the 1920s, the town had expanded so that it now incorporated the villages of Great and Little Sutton, Hooton, Whitby, Overpool and Rivacre as suburbs.