By the spring of 1917, many Black Hand leaders, including Apis, had been arrested.

By 1917, all but one of the males on Clipperton had died.

By 1917 Chaplin was also introducing more dramatic plot into his films, and mixing the comedy with sentiment.

By 1917 Finland had experienced rapid population growth, industrialization, improvements in the economy and standard of living, and the rise of a comprehensive labor movement ; economic, social, and political divisions were deepening while the Finnish political system was in an unstable phase of democratization and modernization.

By autumn 1917, in the power vacuum following the dissolution of parliament and in the absence of a stable government or a Finnish army, such forces began assuming a more military character.

By autumn 1917, however, these attempts at peaceful resolution had failed, and the power vacuum began to be filled by the paramilitary troops of the right and left.

By the time he opened his own furniture workshop in 1917, Rietveld had taught himself drawing, painting and model-making.

By defeating Russia in 1917 Germany was able to bring hundreds of thousands of combat troops from the east to the Western Front, giving it a numerical advantage over the Allies.

By 1917, this was extremely unpopular in Ireland due to heavy casualties on the Western Front.

By 1917, the population of Shcheglovo had grown to around 4, 000 people.

By the end of 1917, Trotsky was unquestionably the second man in the Bolshevik Party after Lenin, overshadowing the ambitious Zinoviev, who had been Lenin's top lieutenant over the previous decade, but whose star appeared to be fading.

By 1939, with the exception of Stalin himself, none of the original Bolsheviks of the October Revolution of 1917 remained in the Party.

By October 1917 there had been over four thousand peasant uprisings against landowners.

By 1917, the patriotism of World War I changed into political radicalism in most of Europe, the United States, and Australia.

However, in 1917, " Pelo Telefone " (" By Phone ") was recorded, and it is considered the first true samba.

By January 1901 Pupin had been paid $ 200, 000 and by 1917, when the AT & T monopoly ended and payments ceased, he had received a total of $ 455, 000.

By 1917, Bulgaria fielded more than a quarter of its 4. 5 million population in a 1, 200, 000-strong army, and inflicted heavy losses on Great Britain ( Doiran ), France ( Monastir ), the Russian Empire ( Dobrich ) and the Kingdom of Romania ( Tutrakan ).

By June 1917 21 mines had been dug, filled with nearly of explosives.

By 1917, he was back in Vienna, able to focus on his artistic career.

By the end of June 1917, Lyapunov traveled with his wife to his brother's place in Odessa.

By 1917, no fewer than 19 distinct crater groups existed along the section of the front.

By March 1917, the German forces were aware that a major attack was imminent and would include operations aimed at capturing Vimy Ridge.

By nightfall on 12 April 1917, the Canadian Corps was in firm control of the ridge.

By 1917 most of the work went into the construction of the UB III.

By comparison, the same index ranked neighbor Ukraine, 131st and Russia, 140th.

By that time the military and strategic situation of Russia had become more difficult due of the rise of Germany and Japan, and Russian central administration and the idea of Pan-Slavism had grown in Saint Petersburg.

By the turn of the 19th century they became new powers, having divided Poland between them, with Sweden and Turkey having experienced substantial territorial losses to Russia and Austria respectively as well as pauperisation.

By the 1860s, the Russian Empire – continued as the Soviet Union – became the largest contiguous state in the world, and the latter's main successor, Russia, continues to be so to this day.

By the 1890s, German colonial expansion in Asia and the Pacific ( Kiauchau in China, the Marianas, the Caroline Islands, Samoa ) led to frictions with Britain, Russia, Japan and the United States.

By the 18th century, the Tsardom of Russia had become the huge Russian Empire, stretching from the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth eastward to the Pacific Ocean.

By the time of her death in 1796, Catherine's expansionist policy had made Russia into a major European power.

By 1809 the Federalist party had almost completely disappeared, and its former members ( such as John Quincy Adams, Madison's ambassador to Russia ) had joined Madison's Democratic-Republican party.

By the time Madison was standing for reelection, the Peninsular War in Spain had spread, while at the same time Napoleon invaded Russia, and the entire continent again descended into war.

By 1241, having conquered large parts of Russia, the Mongols continued the invasion of Europe with a massive three-pronged advance, following the fleeing Cumans, who had established an uncertain alliance with King Bela IV of Hungary.

By 2012, North Korea's external debt had grown to an estimated US $ 20 billion despite Russia reportedly writing off about $ 8 billion of debt in exchange for participation in natural resources development.

By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of " Deli Petro " ( Peter the Mad, as Peter the Great was known in Turkey ) had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.

By the 11th and 12th century, the nomadic confederacy of the Cumans and ( Eastern ) Kipchaks ( who are considered to be either the eastern branch of the Cumans or a distinct but related tribe with whom the Cumans created a confederacy ) were the dominant force over the vast territories stretching from the present-day Kazakhstan, southern Russia, Ukraine, to southern Moldavia and western Wallachia.

By means of the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, Romania recovered Bessarabia and northern Bukovina from the Soviet Russia, under the leadership of general Ion Antonescu.

By 2010, 3G networks covered largely most of Russia.

By the end of the war, the Einsatzgruppen had murdered over one million people, including over 700, 000 in Russia alone.

By then he was determined to leave Russia, at least temporarily.

By this time his later music had acquired a following in Russia, and he received invitations to return there, but he decided to stay in Europe.

By 1910, Argentina, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Malaya, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States had Boy Scouts.

By area Turkmenistan ranks fourth among the former Soviet republics, after Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine.

By 1876 Russia had incorporated all three khanates ( hence all of present-day Uzbekistan ) into its empire, granting the khanates limited autonomy.

** Shooting of the Romanov family: By order of the Bolshevik Party and carried out by the Cheka, Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei, and retainers are executed at the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia.

By this time the separation of the four khanates of the Mongol Empire ( the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Russia, the Ilkhanate in Persia, and the Yuan Dynasty in China ) had deepened.