By 1946, as the growing fellowship quarreled over structure, purpose, and authority, as well as finances and publicity, Wilson began to form and promote what became known as AA's Twelve Traditions, guidelines for an altruistic, unaffiliated, non-coercive, and non-hierarchical structure that limited AA's purpose to only helping alcoholics on a non-professional level while shunning publicity.

By 1946, the major part of the population of these camps were cleared by NKVD and either sent home or conscripted ( see table for details ).

By May 1946 the removal of machinery had ended, thanks to lobbying by the U. S. Army.

By the end of 1946, the Communist Democratic Army of Greece had been formed, pitted against the governmental National Army, which was backed first by Britain and after 1947 by the United States.

By the end of the war, MIT became the nation's largest wartime R & D contractor ( attracting some criticism of Bush ), employing nearly 4000 in the Radiation Laboratory alone and receiving in excess of $ 100 million ($ billion in 2012 dollars ) before 1946.

By paying the collectivized peasants low state-controlled prices for their product, and using the surplus thus extracted to pay for industrial development, the state carried out a series of three-year plans, which brought industry's share of the economy from 47 % in 1946 to 70 % in 1959, despite the devastation of the Korean War.

By January 1946, the plant itself was ready to build trucks but many of the almost 12, 000 parts needed to make each one were lacking.

By 1946, company payroll reached $ 600, 000 a week and net profit $ 19. 4 million.

By April 1946, Gakushuin was reopened and Ono was enrolled.

By December 1946, Washington had fully involved himself in activities at Roosevelt.

By late April 1946, Ulam had recovered enough to attend a secret conference at Los Alamos to discuss thermonuclear weapons.

The first musical film to have a commercially issued soundtrack album was MGM ’ s 1946 film biography of Show Boat composer Jerome Kern, Till the Clouds Roll By.

By 1946 she was Hollywood's highest-paid entertainer and top female tax payer in the United States, earning more than $ 200, 000 that year (=$ 2. 2 million in 2010 adjusted for inflation ), according to IRS records.

By the end of the 1946 – 1947 school year, 954 men were enrolled at the Tallahassee Branch.

By 1946, his artwork was becoming more widely recognized.

By 1946, Zuse had written a book on the subject but this remained unpublished.

By the end of the 1940 ′ s however, Rank had ran up an overdraft of £ 16 million ( the equivalent of £ 364. 5 million in 2012 ), mainly due to big budget flops such as the 1946 Caesar and Cleopatra, which was originally budgeted at £ 250, 000., but which eventually cost £ 1, 278, 000 ( the equivalent of £ 33 million ) and many of the studios famous directors being lured away by rival companies who promised greater independence.

By 1946, he had risen to the post of Governor of Kratie Province.

Thiệu said, " By August of 1946, I knew that Việt Minh were Communists … They shot people.

By late 1946 the weakening British economy meant the British could no longer support Greece, and so London asked the U. S. to step in.

By 1991, more than of oil have been produced in the county since 1946.

By the time the mines closed in 1946, according to the U. S. Bureau of Mines, they had produced 72, 598, 883 pounds of copper worth over $ 12 million.

By the year 1946 the school ’ s Board of Trustees had paid the last note on property that was located where Winnfield Funeral Home now sits in the Mooretown Community at 3701 Hollywood Avenue.

By 1946, the Hershey Line also folded.

By 1975, after a failed uprising by the Muslim Youth, President Daoud Khan started to dissociate himself from the Soviet Union and the communist party of Afghanistan.

By winning operationally, strategically it could not keep up the momentum as the superiority of the Soviet Union's industrial base and economy began to take effect.

By the summer of 1944 the reversal of fortune was complete and Operation Bagration saw Soviet forces inflict crushing defeats on Germany through the aggressive use of armour, infantry and air power in combined strategic assault, known as deep operations.

By 1927, Pasternak's close friends Vladimir Mayakovsky and Nikolai Aseyev were advocating the complete subordination of the Arts to the needs of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

By 1932, Pasternak had strikingly reshaped his style to make it acceptable to the Soviet public and printed the new collection of poems aptly titled The Second Birth.

By 1943, the Partisan resistance movement had gained the upper hand, against the odds, and in 1945, with help from the Soviet Red Army ( passing only through small parts such as Vojvodina ), expelled the Axis forces and local supporters.

By the end of January 1918, the Investigatory Commission of Petrograd Soviet ( probably same as of Revtribunal ) petitioned Sovnarkom to delineate the role of detection and judicial-investigatory organs.

By the final stages of the war only the Soviet Union was still fielding mounted units in substantial numbers, some in combined mechanized and horse units.

By the time of the 28th Congress of the CPSU in July 1990, the party was largely regarded as being unable to lead the country and had, in fifteen republics, split into opposing factions favouring either independent republics or the continuation of the Soviet Union.

By 1982 the stagnation of the Soviet economy was obvious, as evidenced by the fact that the Soviet Union had been importing grain from the U. S. throughout the 1970s, but the system was so firmly entrenched that any real change seemed impossible.

By the time Gorbachev ushered in the process that would lead to the dismantling of the Soviet administrative command economy through his programs of glasnost ( political openness ), uskoreniye ( speed-up of economic development ) and perestroika ( political and economic restructuring ) announced in 1986, the Soviet economy suffered from both hidden inflation and pervasive supply shortages aggravated by an increasingly open black market that undermined the official economy.

By 1990 the Soviet government had lost control over economic conditions.

By contrast, the Soviet Union's transition was much more problematic and its successor republics faced a sharp decline in GDP during the early 1990s.

By mid-1947, as East-West tensions over economic recovery in Germany and the Greek Civil War escalated, Eisenhower gave up his hopes for cooperation with the Soviets and agreed with a containment policy to stop Soviet expansion.

By keeping very cool relations to NATO, and to western military powers in general, Finland could fend off Soviet preludes for affiliation to the Warsaw Pact.

By the early 1950s the Soviet Union had seized reparations in the form of agricultural and industrial products and demanded further heavy reparation payments.

By the 1860s, the Russian Empire – continued as the Soviet Union – became the largest contiguous state in the world, and the latter's main successor, Russia, continues to be so to this day.

By September 1945, the Third Reich ( which lasted only 12 years ) and its Axis partners ( Italy and Japan ) had been defeated, chiefly by the forces of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

By November 1944, they had thrown out the Germans, being with Yugoslavia the only East European nations to do so without any assistance from the Soviet Army.

By 1939, Italy had the highest percentage of state-owned enterprises after the Soviet Union.

By November 1954, it had become clear that the Soviet Union would reject any international custody of fissile material, but that a clearing house for nuclear transactions might be possible.

By the end of 1941, the Soviet military had suffered 4. 3 million casualties and German forces had advanced 1, 050 miles ( 1, 690 kilometers ).

By the last statement, Ribbentrop clearly implied that the Soviet Union should be included in the anti-British alliance system he had proposed.