By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

By statute, the Commandant is appointed as a four-star general while serving in office.

By statute, the CNO is appointed as a four-star admiral.

By way of custom of international law, genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes are usually not subject to statute of limitations, nor to prescription.

By the statute of 1363, poor English people were required to wear russet.

By statute, the compensation granted to the position holder equals the rate of annual compensation paid to the president pro tempore, majority leader, and minority leader.

By statute, the Circuit and Superior Courts have unlimited jurisdiction with the power to hear all civil and criminal cases.

By this statute, 26 Geo.

By statute or by judicial expansion of the writ of mandamus in most of the U. S. states, acts of administrative agencies are now subject to judicial review for abuse of discretion.

By state statute, the Mayor is the head of the municipal government.

By 1967, Touvier's death sentence was barred based on a 20-year statute of limitations.

By virtue of Poynings ' Law, a statute of King Henry VII of England, all proposed Irish legislation had to be submitted to the Privy Council for its approval under the Great Seal of England before being passed by the Irish parliament.

* By statute, the Supreme Court of the United States uses the writ of certiorari to review cases from the United States courts of appeals or from the state courts.

By statute the common law's position was altered so that the mortgagor would retain ownership, but the mortgagee's rights, such as foreclosure, the power of sale, and the right to take possession, would be protected.

By statute, the Chairman is appointed as a four-star general or admiral while holding office and assumes office on October 1st of odd-numbered years.

By statute, the Vice Chairman is appointed as a four-star general or admiral.

By 1591 a statute allowing apprenticeships in various trades was obtained.

By state statute, executions take place there.

By internal statute, the president must be a member of the Jesuit order, although the membership of the board is primarily lay.

By statute, gelato in Italy must have at least 3. 5 % butterfat, with no upper limit established.

By 5: 00 am EST, Atlantis was trailing Mir by about 1, 450 statute miles and closing at a rate of about 180 statute miles every orbit.

By the end of 1975, the Dutch Parliament eventually passed the statute needed for the institution to acquire national educational funds and to be able to award academic degrees.

By comparing the form of several yupanas, researchers found that calculations were based using the Fibonacci sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5 and powers of 10, 20 and 40 as place values for the different fields in the instrument.

The largest species are red alder ( A. rubra ) on the west coast of North America, and black alder ( A. glutinosa ), native to most of Europe and widely introduced elsewhere, both reaching over 30 m. By contrast, the widespread Alnus viridis ( green alder ) is rarely more than a 5 m tall shrub.

By picturing Roman authority negatively proponents of this view believe that it is emphasizing the fact that Christian ’ s should obey and submit to Christ ’ s authority ( Acts 4: 19-20 ; 5: 29 ).

By working very hard, one may be able to make this part 5 times faster, but this only reduces the time for the whole computation by a little.

By expanding the conditions for which they were indicated, Astrazeneca's Seroquel and Eli Lilly's Zyprexa had become the biggest selling antipsychotics in 2008 with global sales of $ 5. 5 billion and $ 5. 4 billion respectively.

By convention, the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus, the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 '.

By 1950 it had increased to between 3, 710, 107 and 4, 073, 967, and in 1962 it had reached 5. 7 million.

By the 1960s NATO had adopted the 5. 56 NATO cartridge.

By the 1990s, the US had adopted the M4 carbine, a derivative of the M16 family which fired the same 5. 56mm cartridge but was lighter and shorter ( in overall length and barrel length ), resulting in marginally reduced range and power.

By quickly setting up for the next play ( often within 5 – 10 seconds after the last play despite being afforded 45 seconds ) this hindered the other team's defense from substituting situational players, regrouping for tactics, and, some suggest, increased the defense's rate of fatigue ( This is attributed to the belief that the offense dictates when a play starts so they tend to be more mentally relaxed and prepared for the start of a play where the defense must remain on a higher level of alert before the play starts ).

By 1933, the party had approximately 3. 5 million members but as a result of the Great Purge party membership was cut down to 1. 9 million by 1939.

By the 1860s, there were around 5, 000 residents, and the population grew to around 10, 000 by the late 1880s.

By the end of the decade, similar calculators were priced less than $ 10 (£ 5 ).

By December 5, 1969, the entire four-node network was established.

By the year 2010 there were 5, 906 Dominican friars, including 4, 456 priests.

By 1968 Thomas had increased sales in the four fried chicken restaurants so much that he sold his share in them back to Sanders for more than $ 1. 5 million.

Therefore both and are inverses of By Theorem 1. 5,

By birthplace one can derive the following origins of the inhabitants: born on the Faroes 91. 7 %, in Denmark 5. 8 %, and in Greenland 0. 3 %.

By the mid-twenties the British film industry was losing out to heavy competition from Hollywood, the latter helped by having a much larger home market-in 1914 25 % of films shown in the UK were British, but by 1926 this had fallen to 5 %.

By the end of 2010, the party's support had dropped to as low as 5 %.

By use of a pulsed irrigation timer, existing overhead sprinklers may be used to deliver water at a low average precipitation rate ranging from 2. 5 to 5ml / Hour for frosts down to-5deg.

By 1970 the national census registered 8. 5 million people, about a 27 percent increase, while the most recent official census in 1984 recorded a figure of 12. 3 million — almost double the 1960 figure ( see table 2, Appendix ).