By lowering the activation energy, the enzyme speeds up that reaction by a rate of 10 < sup > 11 </ sup > or more: a reaction that would normally take over 3, 000 years to complete spontaneously might take less than a second with an enzyme.

By the beginnings of the 80s, lowering of costs in microcontroller electronics made direct drive turntables more affordable.

By lowering the temperature, the fraction of the superfluid density increases from zero at T < sub > λ </ sub > to one at zero kelvin.

By lowering VLDL levels, niacin also increases the level of high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) or " good " cholesterol in blood, and therefore it is sometimes prescribed for people with low HDL, who are also at high risk of a heart attack.

By repeated application of the lowering operator, it seems that we can produce energy eigenstates down to E

By revolution lowering, does become

By lowering expenditure on goods or services, it is possible to increase savings which can lead to financial independence and the possibility of early retirement as described in Your Money or Your Life by Joe Dominguez and Vicki Robin, or to reduce income and the time spent earning money.

By decreasing the pressure at the bottom of the well ( by lowering bottomhole flowing pressure, or increasing drawdown ), significantly more oil can be produced from the well when compared with natural production.

By the middle of the 20th century, some high-end U. S. toasters featured automatic toast lowering and raising, with no levers to operate — simply dropping the slices into the machine commenced the toasting procedure.

By lowering the pH levels in the venous capillaries, oxygen unbinds from blood hemoglobin.

By studying what types of ranking manipulations a search engine is punishing, a company can provoke a search engine into lowering the ranking of a competitor's website.

By the 1950s, the course of the river near its mouth had been affected by subsidence from coal mining, and the lowering of the channel resulted in much of the surrounding land being regularly flooded.

By the 1980s many permanent sandbars had formed due to the lowering of the level of the river.

By lowering the net production of early successional plants by consuming them and then augmenting the nutrients in the soil available to later successional plants through defecation, the walking stick ensures the tendency of early successional plants to swiftly immobilize soil nutrients in light gaps does not stymie new substantial growth and the recycling of the tropical forest.

By artificially lowering rents on some units with long term tenants, even in some cases forcing landlords to maintain that at a loss, rent control forces landlords to recoup this lost income on newly vacated units, thus increasing rent for new tenants beyond what is necessary.

By only lowering the distal end of the bill into the water it allows nostrils to remain above water.

By contrast, Republicans insisted that national prosperity depended on industry that paid high wages, and warned that lowering the tariff would be a disaster because low-wage European factories would flood American markets.

By increasing overall product quality, the amount of raw materials needed is decreased, thereby lowering manufacturing costs.

By buying goods and then reselling them directly to customers, Ward was consequently removing the middlemen at the general store and, to the benefit of the customer, drastically lowering the prices.

By inhibiting the enterohepatic circulation, more L-thyroxine will be lost through defecation, thus lowering body thyroxine levels.

By lowering the energy of the transition state, it allows a greater population of the starting material to attain the energy needed to overcome the transition energy and proceed to product.

By lowering the water table and opening up large new deposits of lead ore, they transformed the industry.

By combining pharmaceuticals and neurotechnologies, some researchers have discovered ways of lowering the " fear " response and theorize that it may be applicable to PTSD.

By lowering the power supply from 5V to 3. 3V, switching power was reduced by almost 60 percent ( power dissipation is proportional to the square of the supply voltage ).

By the same principle when the pH is too high, the kidneys excrete bicarbonate ( HCO < sub > 3 </ sub >< sup >-</ sup >) into urine as urea via the Urea Cycle ( aka the Krebs-Henseleit Ornithine Cycle ).

By adjusting the pH of some toxic materials, we are reducing the leaching ability of the waste.

By adjusting the pH or the ionic concentration of the mobile phase, various protein molecules can be separated.

By changing the pH so that the net charge on the protein is negative, it too will be eluted.

By utilizing the lactose available in the medium, Lac + bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter and Klebsiella will produce acid, which lowers the pH of the agar below 6. 8 and results in the appearance of red / pink colonies.

By pre-soaking the maize, minimizing the alkali used to adjust the pH of the alkaline solution, reducing the cooking temperature, accelerating processing, and reusing excess processing liquids, enzymatic nixtamalization can reduce the use of energy and water, lower nejayote waste production, decrease maize lost in processing, and shorten the production time ( to approximately four hours ) compared to traditional nixtamalization.

By contrast, to dilute a solution, one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.

By dissolving the mixture in the chosen solvent, one component will go into the solution and pass through the filter, while the other will be retained.

By an IUPAC definition, solvation is an interaction of a solute with the solvent, which leads to stabilization of the solute species in the solution.

By far the most common solvent for perfume oil dilution is ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water.

By “ painting ” a solution of lipid in organic solvent across an aperture, Mueller and Rudin were able to create an artificial bilayer and determine that this exhibited lateral fluidity, high electrical resistance and self-healing in response to puncture, all of which are properties of a natural cell membrane.

By the mid-1930s, the dry cleaning industry had adopted tetrachloroethylene ( perchloroethylene ), or " perc " for short, as the ideal solvent.

By August of that year Ionica had failed to find a ' strategic partner ', and despite strong assurances that cash resources of £ 45 million would keep the company solvent until January many observers predicted an imminent end.

By far the most common is the differential refractive index detector that measures the change in refractive index of the solvent.

By changing the solvent, or perhaps using a mixture, the separation of components ( measured by the R < sub > f </ sub > value ) can be adjusted.

By the time he died in 1635, the Crown was solvent.

By 1852 Erasmus had become a confirmed bachelor, languid and melancholic, living alone except for servants, but at parties his " playful wit " made him the universal solvent.

By 1964, the station was financially solvent.