By repeatedly evaluating their course, and adjusting if they are moving in the wrong direction, bacteria can direct their motion to find favorable locations with high concentrations of attractants ( usually food ) and avoid repellents ( usually poisons ).

By careful testing and adjusting the proportions and grinding time, powder from mills such as at Essonne outside Paris became the best in the world by 1788, and inexpensive.

By properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

By adjusting the pH of some toxic materials, we are reducing the leaching ability of the waste.

By adjusting the local oscillator frequency correctly, the beat frequency is in the audio range, and can be heard as a tone in the receiver's earphones whenever the transmitter signal is present.

By adjusting the amount of gas exchange, they can restrict the amount of water lost through transpiration.

By adjusting the odds in his favour or by having a point spread, the bookmaker will aim to guarantee a profit by achieving a ' balanced book ', either by getting an equal number of bets for each outcome, or ( when he is offering odds ) by getting the amounts wagered on each outcome to reflect the odds.

By adjusting a diaphragm to dim one of the images until the sunlit portion had the same apparent brightness as the earthlit portion on the unadjusted image, he could quantify the diaphragm adjustment, and thus had a real measurement for the brightness of Earthshine.

By adjusting the bias with respect to group and phase delay the overall distortion of high frequency signals is also greatly reduced.

By adjusting the intensity of the first field, it was possible to arrange it so that the luminosity of the phosphor had decayed to exactly match that of the second field, so that the two appeared to be at the same level and the film camera captured both. This method came to be preferred.

By adjusting the tilt, which adds a controlled phase gradient to the fringe pattern, one can control the spacing and direction of the fringes, so that one may obtain an easily interpreted series of nearly parallel fringes rather than a complex swirl of contour lines.

By adjusting the gas pressure using the gas gland or oval window the fish can obtain neutral buoyancy and ascend and descend to a large range of depths.

By changing focal length and adjusting the camera's distance from the pink bottle, it remains the same size in the image, while the blue bottle's size appears to dramatically change.

By adjusting the amplifier's gain through the main 4-bit volume register, this bias could be modulated as PCM, resulting in a " virtual " fourth channel allowing 4-bit digital sample playback.

By adjusting the flow of the electrical charge, this alloy can reshape and mold itself into any form.

By adjusting the frequency of individual cavities, the technician can change the operating frequency, gain, output power, or bandwidth of the amplifier.

By adjusting the swash plate in the motor, the stroke of its pistons are changed.

By adjusting the colour value in the palette, all pixels with that palette value change simultaneously in the image or animation.

By simply placing the icons in sequence and adjusting their properties, authors could instantly see the structure of program they were creating and, most importantly, run it to see what learners would see.

By means of an adjusting screw the lower edge of the disc is made to touch the oil-covered mercury with a pressure small enough not to puncture the film of oil.

By adjusting the two forces, one will be able to obtain a good optical sorting efficiency.

By adjusting the offset, a cutting tool of a specific diameter can be used to drill holes of different diameters as illustrated.

By definition, in the long run the firm can change its scale of operations by adjusting the level of inputs that are fixed in the short run, thereby shifting the production function upward as plotted against the variable input.

By creating and adjusting multiple points along a waveform or control events, the user can specify parameters of the output over time ( e. g., volume or pan ).

By the 19th century, clock parts were beginning to be made in small factories, but the skilled work of designing, assembling, and adjusting the clock was still done by clockmaking shops.

By providing the secondary demand valve the need to alternately breathe off the same mouthpiece when sharing air is eliminated.

By watching the valve rhythmically move up and down, Papin conceived of the idea of a piston and a cylinder engine.

By converting and sending these electrical signals out to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening or closing a switch or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump.

By 1909, the shed used at the valve Company was expanded as were the hose carts to four wheels and two horses.

By 1973, an EGR valve controlled by manifold vacuum opened or closed to admit exhaust to the intake tract only under certain conditions.

By the end of the 1970s overhead valve V8s powered 80 % of automobiles built in the US, and most of the rest had six-cylinder engines.

By virtue of its more compact layout, interference between the float and other obstacles ( tank insulation, flush valve, and so on ) is greatly reduced, thus increasing reliability.

By 1806, Trevithick was fitting pairs of safety valves, one external valve for the driver's adjustment and one sealed inside the boiler with a fixed weight.

By the late 1950s and early 1960s, the slide was sometimes replaced with a half-tone rotary valve to F #, which allowed for nearly a full chromatic scale to be played.

By observing the mercury in the column while releasing the air pressure with a control valve, one can read the values of the blood pressure in mm Hg.

By making the mixer self oscillate, the necessity of providing a separate oscillator valve is avoided.

By the time the yolk is fully utilized, a spiral valve has developed in the intestine and the fish starts to feed.

By applying twin KO4 Warner turbochargers, an air-to-air intercooler and variable valve actuation to its Alloytec 190, then dropping the compression to 9. 0: 1, Holden engineers were able to deliver a power peak of 280 kW and no less than 480Nm of torque, with 90 per cent available from just 1600rpm.

By the late 1960s, Nelson's experience with artificial aortic valve implantation was such that he was able to report a large series of patients with an exceptionally low operative mortality.

By using a blow-through method, the MAF won't be affected by the blowoff valve opening as the pressure is vented before the air reaches the MAF.

By tuning the length of the primary tubes, usually by means of resonance tuning, the rarefaction pulse can be timed to coincide with the exact moment valve overlap occurs.

By 1891 he had produced the Schrader valve, which was his most popular invention and is still used today.

By comparison, reciprocating compressors leave a small amount of compressed gas in the cylinder, because it is not practical for the piston to touch the head or valve plate.

# By acting as an operating control on a three-way powered mixing valve or proportional injection pump system that modulates the supply distribution hot water temperature.

By controlling the air flow through the instrument and the shape of the column ( by changing fingering or valve position ), a player may produce two distinct tones not part of the same harmonic series, and thus perceive them independently.

( By comparison, an OHV or OHC engine can suffer piston damage and catastrophic engine failure when a valve drops.

By that time, the first year of the aluminum-head Panhead, it had been thoroughly superseded and outsold in the marketplace by the superior performance of the overhead valve model Big Twins.

By this means the valve seat was forced against the valve by the water pressure, producing a self-closing action, so that the greater the water pressure, the tighter the valve.