By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

By convention, the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus, the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 '.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

By convention the products form the numerator.

By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards.

By convention, a calendar year consists of a natural number of days.

) By convention, L ( P, P )

By direct substitution, the solution to this equation can be readily shown to be the scalar Green's function, which in the spherical coordinate system ( and using the physics time convention ) is:

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.

By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part.

By convention, electric engine refers to a railroad electric locomotive, rather than an electric motor.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By convention, the charge of an electron is − 1, while that of a proton is + 1.

By convention the subroutine expected this and the first thing it did was to overwrite its final jump instruction with that address so that it returned.

( By modern convention, the sequence begins with F < sub > 0 </ sub > = 0.

By convention, this may only be advised by the Prime Minister.

By convention, the Prime Minister is appointed to this Council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries.

By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.

By convention the audience realises that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage.

By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.

By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.

By convention, the carbon atoms are numbered from 1 to x along the backbone, starting from the end that is closest to the C =

By convention, physical quantities are organized in a dimensional system built upon base quantities, each of which is regarded as having its own dimension.

By far the longest canal was the Grand Canal of China, still the longest canal in the world today, and the oldest extant one.

By this time he had been an MP for almost 31 years — the longest wait of any non-caretaker Australian Prime Minister.

By December 15, 2010 it broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3, 340 days of operation, claiming the title from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor.

By winning their first 13 games, the Saints also set the record for the longest undefeated season opening ( 13 – 0 ) by an NFC team since the AFL – NFL merger, surpassing the previous record ( 12 – 0 ) held by the 1985 Chicago Bears.

By the end of 2008, the country had a fleet of over 24, 000 locomotives, the most lines in the world, the fastest express train in service, and longest high speed track in the world .. UK, Denmark, and other countries in northern Europe that surround the Baltic Sea and North Sea, continue to develop their rapid expansion of off-shore wind farms.

By this time the Toronto Pride Week Festival had been running for twenty-three years, making it one of the world's longest running organized Pride celebrations.

By winning 33 straight games, Los Angeles set a record for longest winning streak of any team in American professional sports.

By this one-year office, Camillus was the longest of all Roman dictators.

By far the longest canal was the Grand Canal of China completed in 609 CE, still the longest canal in the world today at.

By 1971, the full route was completed between the junction with the M1 motorway at Rugby and the A38 road several miles north-east of Birmingham city centre, including Bromford Viaduct between Castle Bromwich ( J5 ) and Gravelly Hill ( J6 ), which at 3½ miles is the longest viaduct in Great Britain.

By 1950, it was the third-busiest airport in the United States in terms of aircraft operations, and its runway was declared the longest in the world in 1953.

By the time production ceased, the Peugeot 106 was one of the longest running production cars still made in Europe but it was still proving fairly popular, especially in its home market of France.

By high Alpine mountaineering standards, Gran Paradiso is considered one of the less difficult 4, 000 meter peaks, although it has one of the longest Ordinary Ascents of 1, 300 meters on the summit day.

By the turn of the millennium the longest underwater cave system at that time, Ox Bel Ha was established by cave diving explorers whose combined efforts and information helped join segments of previously explored caves.

By 1938, Boise had the longest runway in the United States at that time,.

By 1991, the airport consisted of three wide runways, one of which had a length of, making it the longest runway in Colorado until 16R / 34L, a long runway, opened at Denver International Airport in September 2003.

By 1924, Avenida de los Insurgentes, considered today one of the world's longest avenues, was being laid out.

By December 15, 2010 the orbiter broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3, 340 days of operation, claiming the title from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor, which had arrived sooner than Odyssey but failed in 2006.

By the end of his administration, the federal government had experienced the country's longest economic expansion and produced a budget surplus.

By far, the institute at Yverdon was the longest lasting out of any of Pestalozzi's endeavors.

By 2008, the Quintana Roo Speleological Society ( QRSS ) reported more than of flooded cave passages within the limits of the Riviera Maya including the two longest underwater cave systems in the world of Sac Actun and Ox Bel Ha.

By a large margin, he is the longest serving Hispanic U. S. Senator.